Study Guide for Final Exam

(This guide includes only material since last exam. Use previous study guides for the rest of the material)

BRING A CALCULATOR, A RULER, AND A COMPASS (FOR DRAWING CIRCLES, if you have one)

Debris flows: debris avalanches

• What are they? How do they form? What is the main driving force for their flow?
• How do their sizes compare to nuees ardentes?
• Discuss the three types of debris avalanches (Bezymianny, Bandai, cold). How are they different/similar?
• How do we recognize that a debris avalanche has occurred?
• What do deposits look like? (sorting? clast size? grading?)
• What is their flow mechanism? (NOT COVERED IN 2004)
• What are the obvious and not so obvious hazards associated with debris avalanches?

Debris flows: lahars

• What are they? How do they form? What is the main driving force for their flow?
• What are the three types of lahars?
• What do deposits look like?
• What is their flow mechanism? (NOT COVERED IN 2004)

Mount Pinatubo & Mount St Helens

· What was the sequence of events that occurred during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo? What was the range of processes that occurred?

· What was the sequence of events that occurred during the eruption of Mt. St. Helens? What was the range of processes that occurred?

Calderas

· What is a caldera?

· What are the fundamental processes involved in a silicic caldera collapse? In what way does a basaltic caldera differ from the above?

· What is a resurgent caldera? How is it different from a Crater-Lake-style caldera?

· What geologic features might you use to determine whether a caldera collapse had occurred at a location?

· What is a ring dike?

· Be familiar with the existence of Hannegan and Kulshan calderas. What is their age relative to Mt. Baker?

Volcanic Hazards

· What are seven major volcanic hazards?

· How do we monitor volcanoes, both long term and for precursor events?

· Describe the steps to developing an emergency response plan (NOT COVERED IN 2004)

· What is the Volcano Explosivity Index

· What was the largest eruption (in terms of volume of material erupted, dense rock equivalent) in the last 300 years?

Mt. Baker

· What are the major volcanic hazards associated with Mt. Baker?

· Understand the distance from vent vs. thickness of tephra deposit graph for different size eruptions

Volcanoes and Climate

· What are some of the volcanic gases that might potentially affect climate? Which of these is most important?

· Is the amount of CO2 emitted by volcanoes significant compared to anthropogenic CO2? (more specifically, is volcanism's role in global warming more or less important than humanity's role?)

· How do sulfate aerosols affect climate? How are they formed?

· How does the amount of sulfur erupted typically correlate with the silica content of the eruptive volcano?

· Why is fine ash in the stratosphere not really of long-term concern to climate?

• Volcanoes do not play a direct role in ozone depletion (volcanic chlorine in the stratosphere is minor), but they do play an indirect role in the presence of sulfate aerosols. Why is this true?