Target lichen species for 6-zone air quality monitoring system in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia

Different lichen species are differently sensitive to a variety of air pollutants. This 6 zone system is based on the sensitivity of selected species to sulfur dioxide (SO2). The zones and their SO2 sensitivity cutoffs are:
1 >75       2 55-75          3 45-55         4 35-45        5 10-35          6 <10 µg SO2/ m3
That is, zone 1 lichens are most tolerant and zone 6 lichens are most sensitive.

The actual presence of a species in an area will depend not only on its sensitivity to sulfur dioxide, but its sensitivity to other pollutants, to the nature of other environmental variables such as moisture, salt spray, etc., and to whether reproductive structures of that species have made it to the site.

These zone ratings were estimated by reference to known sensitivities to SO2 in other areas of the world and general knowledge of their distribution in the pacific northwestern United States and adjacent Canada. Monitoring of SO2 levels critical for these species has not been done here.
 
Name Zone Brief description
Desmococcus viridis 1 "crustose" free-living algal scum
Parmelia sulcata 1 foliose, mineral gray green, bottle-brush rhizines, soredia
Evernia prunastri 2 fruticose, flattened, "staghorn lichen"
Hypogymnia physodes 2 foliose, tubular, mineral gray green, lip-shaped, sorediate
Physcia adscendens 2 foliose, tiny, mineral gray green, no apothecia
Xanthoria polycarpa 2 foliose, orange
Melanelia spp. 3 foliose, dark greenish brown, closely pressed to bark
Parmelia hygrophila 3 foliose, mineral gray green, simple rhizines, isidia
Physcia aipolia 3 foliose, tiny, mineral gray green, apothecia
tufted Usnea 3 fruticose, yellow-green, central cord, no apothecia
Cetraria chlorophylla 4 foliose, tufted, brownish, sorediate
Graphis scripta 4 crustose, "hieroglyphics lichen"
Menegazzia terebrata 5 foliose, hollow, bull's eye shape, pores in top
Parmotrema arnoldii 5 foliose, large, mineral gray green
Usnea rigida 5 fruticose, yellow-green, central cord, apothecia
Lobaria pulmonaria 6 foliose, large, olive green