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Wayne G. Landis. Professor and Director, Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Chair, Department of Environmental Sciences, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington Univeristy.

Education

B. A. (biology), Wake Forest University 1974: M. A. (biology), Indiana University, 1978; Ph. D. (zoology), Indiana University, 1979.

Research and Accomplishments

His thesis focused on the population genetics and biology of the protozoan species complex Paramecium aurelia. Landis' first job was with the Franklin Research Center in Silver Spring, MD, as a consultant. From 1982 to 1989, he worked at the U.S. Army Chemical Research and Development Center at Aberdeen Proving Ground as a Research Toxicologist. Since 1989, Landis has been the Director of the Institute of Environmental Toxicology, part of Huxley College of the Environment at Western Washington University. He has authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications and government technical reports, made 220 scientific presentations, edited three books, and written the textbook, Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, which is now in its third edition. He has served on numerous committees and consulted for industry; NG0s; radio and television; as well as federal (U.S. and Canada), state, provincial, and local governments.

His research interests in environmental toxicology are varied. In the 1980s these included quantitative structure activity research in mutagenicity and aquatic toxicity, the hydrolysis of organophosphates by enzymes found in protozoa, invertebrates and birds, and the biodegradation of riot control agents. His major contributions in the 1990s include: co-development of the Community Conditioning Hypothesis, use of multivariate analysis in microcosm data analysis, creation of the Action at a Distance Hypothesis for landscape toxicology, the application of complex systems theory to risk assessment, and development of the Relative Risk Model for multiple stressor and regional-scale risk assessment.

Landis' service to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is extensive and served Board of Directors from 2000-2003. He served two terms as a member of the editorial board of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. He was the Organizational Chair for the 1991 SETAC Annual Meeting in Seattle, the first West Coast SETAC meeting. Landis also has been a member of many SETAC committees over the years including the Finance, Annual Meetings, Regional Chapters, Short Course, Nominations, Membership, and Student Committees. He has chaired numerous sessions at SETAC national meetings. In the past several years, Landis has organized and taught several well-attended short courses at SETAC annual meetings. His short course topics include population biology and community ecology applied to environmental toxicology and regional risk assessment. In addition, Landis is a Charter member of the Pacific Northwest Chapter of SETAC and has served as President and Annual Meeting Co-chair of that regional SETAC organization.

Currently Wayne Landis is one of the founding editors of the new SETAC journal Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. . He also serves on the Editorial Board for the Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, a journal covering a wide range of topics in risk assessment and decision making. Just starting a 3-yearterm in 2007, Landis is the Area Editor for Environmental/Ecological Risk Assessment for the journal Risk Analysis, the journal of the Society of Risk Analysis.

Patents:

Patent No. 4,965,202 Biodegradation of 1,4 Dibenz-oxazepine and related compounds (1990).

Patent No. 5,169,777 A column for the biodegradation of 1,4 Dibenz-oxazepine and related compounds (1992).

Publications 1995-2007

Landis WG and Deines AM. In press.  Chapter 6 The Spatial Structure of Populations and Ecological Risk Assessment, In Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment. L Barnthouse et al Eds. SETAC Press Pensacola FL.

Henning MH, Margolin, JA, Landis WG. In press. Debate, Concurrence, and Recommendations from a Recent Workshop on the State of the Practice of Ecological Risk Assessment:  Perspectives from Practitioners, Integrated Environmental Asssessment and Management.

Landis WG and Wiegers JK. In press. Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.

Colnar, AM and Landis WG. in pressConceptual model development for invasive species and a regional risk assessment case study: the European GreenCrab, Carcinus maenas, at Cherry Point, Washington USA, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.

Barnthouse, LB,  Harman C, Landis WG, Tannenbaum. 2006. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management’s commitment to scientific discourse.  Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2:201.

Landis, W. G.2006. Population scale assessment endpoints in ecological risk assessment part 1: Reflections of stakeholders’ values. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2:86-91

Deines, A.M., Chen, V, Landis WG. 2005. Modeling the risks of non-indigenous species introductions using a patch-dynamics approach incorporating contaminant effects as a disturbance. Risk Analysis 6: 1637-1651

Landis, W. G.  2005. Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 286. Edited Book.

Landis W. G., Wiegers, J. K. 2005. Chapter 2: Introduction to the regional risk assessment using the relative risk model.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 11-36.

Wiegers, J. K., Landis W. G. 2005. Chapter 4 Application of the Relative Risk Model to the Fjord of Port Valdez, Alaska.   In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 53-90.

Luxon, M., Landis W. G. 2005. Chapter 5 Application of the Relative Risk Model to the Upper Willamette River and Lower McKenzie River, Oregon.   In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 91-118.

Obery, A. M., Thomas, J. F., Landis W. G.2005. Chapter 6 Codorus Creek Watershed: A Regional Ecological Risk Assessment with Field Confirmation of the Risk Patterns.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 119-142.

Walker, R. Landis, W G. Brown, P.  2005. Chapter 8 Developing a Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of a Tasmanian Agricultural Catchment.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 159-178.

Moraes, R., Landis, W. G.,  and Molander, S.  2005. Chapter 9 Establishing Conservation Priorities in a Rain Forest Reserve in Brazil: An Application of the Regional Risk Assessment Method.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 179-194.

Chen, J. C., Landis W. G. 2005. Chapter 10 Using the Relative Risk Model for a Regional-Scale Ecological Risk Assessment of the Squalicum Creek Watershed.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 195-230

Landis W. G., Hart Hayes, E., Markiewicz, A. M.  2005. Chapter 12. Retrospective Regional Risk Assessment Predictions and the Application of a Monte Carlo Analysis for the Decline of the Cherry Point Herring Stock.  In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 245-256.

Hart Hayes, E., Landis W. G. 2005. Chapter 13. The Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model and Incorporating a Monte Carlo Uncertainty Analysis. In W. G. Landis editor Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model. CRC Press Boca Raton pp 257-290

Landis W. G 2004. Ecological risk assessment conceptual model formulation for nonindigenous species.  Risk Analysis 24:847-858

Landis W. G. 2004. Individuals are not lost in a proper landscape risk assessment and a note about values. SETAC Globe 5:45-46.

Landis W. G, Bodensteiner LR,  Obery AM and Thomas JF 2004.Ecological risk assessment as  the framework for the prediction, confirmation and management of the Codorus Creek watershed. Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Environmental Fate and Effects Conference Proceedings 2003 pp 232-245.

Hart Hayes, E. and Landis W. G.. 2004. Regional ecological risk assessment of a nearshore marine environment: Cherry Point, WA. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 10: 299-325.

Landis, W. G, P. B. Duncan, E. Hart Hayes, A. J. Markiewicz, J. F. Thomas. 2004 . A regional assessment of the potential stressors causing the decline of the Cherry Point Pacific herring run and alternative management endpoints for the Cherry Point Reserve (Washington, USA). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 10: 271-297

Landis, W. G. and Yu, M-H 2004.  Introduction to Environmental Toxicology 3rd Edition. Lewis Press, Boca Raton FL.

Landis, W. G., E. Hart Hayes and A. M. Markiewicz. 2003. Weight of Evidence and Path Analysis Applied to the  Identification of Causes of the Cherry Point Pacific Herring Decline..  Droscher, Toni and David A. Fraser (eds.) 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Research Conference, March 31-April 3, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia -Proceedings (December 2003).http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/03_proceedings/PAPERS/ORAL/10f_landis.pdf

Landis W. G. 2003. The frontiers in ecological risk assessment at expanding spatial and temporal scales. Human and Ecological risk assessment. 9: 1415-1424

Landis W. G 2003. Twenty years before and hence; ecological risk assessment at multiple scales with multiple stressors and multiple endpoints. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.9:1317-1326

Landis, W.G. 2003. Taxonomic identification, the question and the required resolution. SETAC Globe (Learned Discourse) 4:2 28-30

Landis, W. G. and J. F. McLaughlin. 2003. Establishing Specifications of Ecological Indicators for the Prediction of Sustainability. Managing for Healthy Ecosystems, Rapport DJ, WL Lasley, DE Rolston, NO Nielsen, CO Qualset, and AB Damania [Editors]. Lewis Press Boca Raton pp 243-254.

Moraes, R., W. G. Landis, and S Molander. 2002. Regional Risk Assessment of a Brazilian Rain Forest Reserve. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 8:1779-1803.

Landis, W. G. 2002. Population is the appropriate unit of interest for a species-specific risk assessment. SETAC Globe 3:31-32. (Learned Discourse)

Munns, Wayne R., Jr., W. Nelson Beyer, W. G. Landis, C. Menzie. 2002. What is a population? SETAC Globe 3:29-31 (Learned Discourse).

Obery, A. M. and W. G. Landis. 2002. A regional multiple stressor risk assessment of the Codorus Creek watershed applying the relative risk model. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 8:405-428

Landis WG, Markiewicz, AJ, Thomas JF, Hart Hayes E. 2002. Regional risk assessment predictions for the decline and future management of the Cherry Point Herring Stock and region. Conference Proceedings of the 2001 Puget Sound Research Conference.

Landis, W. G. 2002. Uncertainty in the extrapolation from individual effects to impacts upon landscapes. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 8:193-204.

Landis, W. G. and McLaughlin, J. F., 2001. "If Not Recovery, Then What?" Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Science, Policy and Standardization-Implications for Environmental Decisions: Tenth Volume, ASTM STP 1403. B. M. Greenburg, R. N. Hull, M. H. Roberts Jr. and R. W. Gensemer, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. pp. 283-292

Sandberg, R. and W. G. Landis. 2001. Persistence and the effects of jet-A in a sediment microcosm. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 9:1942-1950

Walker, R., W. G. Landis and P. Brown. 2001. Developing a regional ecological risk assessment: A case study of a Tasmanian agricultural catchment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7:417-439.

Landis, W. G., L. A. Lenart and J. A. Spromberg. 2000. Patch Dynamics of Horizontal Gene Transfer with Application to the Ecological Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Organisms. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 6:875-899.

McLaughlin, J. F. and W. G. Landis. 2000. Effects of Environmental Contaminants in Spatially Structured Environments. Environmental Contaminants in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Effects on Populations. Communities, and Ecosystems. Peter H. Albers et al., editors. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola.

Landis, W. G. and J. F. McLaughlin. 2000. Design criteria and derivation of indicators for ecological position, direction and risk. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19:1059-1065.

Landis, W. G., Luxon, M. and L. R, Bodensteiner. 2000. Design of a Relative Rank Method Regional-Scale Risk Assessment with Confirmational Sampling for the Willamette and McKenzie Rivers, Oregon. Ninth Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Recent Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport, ASTM STP1381 F. T. Price, K. V. Brix and N. K. Lane, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp 67-88.

Landis, W. G., A. J. Markiewicz, R. A. Matthews and G. B. Matthews. 2000. Confirmation of the community conditioning hypothesis: persistence of effects in model ecological structures dosed with the jet fuel JP-8. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:327-336.

Gentile, J. H., K. R. Solomon, J. B. Butcher, M. Harrass, W. G. Landis, M. Power, B. A. Rattner, W. J. Warren-Hicks, R. Wenger. 1999. Chapter 2, Linking stressors and ecological responses. In Multiple Stressors in Ecological Risk Assessment, J. A. Foran and S. A. Ferenc eds. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL. pp 27-50.

Wiegers, J. K., H. M. Feder, L. S. Mortensen, D. G. Shaw, V. J. Wilson and W. G. Landis. 1998. A regional multiple stressor rank-based ecological risk assessment for the fjord of Port Valdez, AK. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 4:1125-1173

Landis, W. G. 1998. Paradigm lost, and maybe found: the risk assessment of dynamic, nonlinear and historical ecological landscapes. From "Risk Assessment of Environmental Endpoints." Proceedings of a Workshop, University of Auckland, October 28-30. G. S. Lewis, N. G. Thom, J. W. Hay and K. Sukhia (eds). pp 22-29.

Landis, W. G., L. R. Bodensteiner and J. F. McLaughlin. 1998. The relative rank risk model for regional-scale risk assessment and potential applications in freshwater and terrestrial systems. From "Risk Assessment of Environmental Endpoints." Proceedings of a Workshop, University of Auckland, October 28-30. G. S. Lewis, N. G. Thom, J. W. Hay and K. Sukhia (eds), pp 54-67.

Landis, W. G., A. J. Markiewicz, G. B. Matthews, M. J. Roze and R. A. Matthews. 1998. Case study #2: an exploration of uncertainty in the determination of environmental toxicity. In Uncertainty Analysis in Ecological Risk Assessment , W. J. Warren-Hicks and D. R. J. Moore Eds. SETAC Press, Pensacola pp 226-236.

Kapustka, L. A. and W. G. Landis. 1998. Ecology: the science versus the myth. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 4:829-838.

Landis, W. G., D, R. J. Moore and S. Norton. 1998. Ecological Risk Assessment: Looking In, Looking Out. In Pollution Risk Assessment and Management, Ed P. E. T. Douben. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester. pp. 273-310.

Spromberg, J. A., B. M. Johns and W. G. Landis. 1998. Metapopulation dynamics: indirect effects and multiple discrete outcomes in ecological risk assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1640-1649

Matz. A. J., R. S. Bennett and W. G. Landis. 1998. Effects of Azinphos-methyl on bobwhite: a comparison of laboratory and field results. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 1364-1370

Matthews, R. A., G. B. Matthews and W. G. Landis. 1998. Application of community level toxicity testing to environmental risk assessment. M.C. Newman and C. L. Strojan Eds. Risk Assessment: Logic and Measurement. Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor. pp 225-253.

Landis, W. G. and M.- H. Yu. 1998. An Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals on Ecological Systems Second Edition. Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL.

Fairbrother, A., W. G. Landis, S. Dominguez, T. Shiroyama, P. Buchholz, M.J. Roze and G. B. Matthews. 1998. A novel nonmetric multivariate approach to the evaluation of biomarkers in terrestrial field studies. Ecotoxicology 7:1-10.

Landis, W. G., A. J. Markiewicz, G. B. Matthews, R. A. Matthews, and M. J. Roze. 1997. Chapter 11. An exploration of uncertainty in the determination of environmental toxicity. Eds. C. G. Ingersoll, T. Dillon, and G. R. Biddinger. Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments. SETAC Press, Pensacola.

Landis, W. G. and J. A. Wiegers. 1997. Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 3:287-297.

Landis, W. G., R. A. Matthews and G. B. Matthews. 1997. Design and analysis of multispecies toxicity tests for pesticide registration. Ecological Applications 7:1111-1116.

Matthews, R. A. , W. G. Landis, G. B. Matthews. 1996. Community conditioning: an ecological approach to environmental toxicology. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15: 597-603.

Landis, W. G., R. A. Matthews and G. B. Matthews. 1996. The layered and historical nature of ecological systems and the risk assessment of pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15: 432-440.

Landis, W. G. and M.- H. Yu. 1995. An Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals on Ecological Systems. Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL.

Landis, W. G., R. A. Matthews, A. J. Markiewicz, and G. B. Matthews. 1995. Non-linear oscillations detected by multivariate analysis in microcosm toxicity tests with complex toxicants: Implications for biomonitoring and risk assessment. In Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment-Third Volume, ASTM 1218, J. S. Hughes, G. R. Biddinger, and E. Mones, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. pp 133-156

Matthews, G. B., R. A. Matthews, and W. G. Landis. 1995. Nonmetric clustering and association analysis: Implications for the evaluation of multispecies toxicity tests and field monitoring. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment-Third Volume, ASTM 1218, J. S. Hughes, G. R. Biddinger, and E. Mones, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. pp. 79-93

Matthews, G. B., R. A. Matthews, and W. G. Landis. 1995. Nonmetric conceptual clustering in ecology and ecotoxicology. AI Applications 9:41-48.

Landis, W. G., R. A. Matthews, and G. B. Matthews. 1995. A contrast of human health risk and ecological risk assessment: risk assessment for an organism versus a complex non-organismal structure. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 1:485-488.

Extramural Committees, Reviews and Society Service:

Standard Methods Committee-Aquatic Toxicity Tests 1995-2003  Member and Section Chairman

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration-Peer Review Committee-Biotechnology Program Spring 1994

Department of Ecology-State of WashingtonEcological Effects Subcommittee, Scientific Advisory Board September 1990-1995

United States Environmental Protection AgencyChairman, Section on Generic Microcosms for the workshop "Application of  Microcosms to Risk Assessment Research" (January 23-27, 1989)Chairman, Task Group on Biomonitoring for the workshop "Fate and Effects of Pesticides in the Environment" (December 11-12, 1990)Peer Reviewer,  U. S. EPA West Coast Ecological Risk Assessment Workgroup (December 1990-1992)Pesticides Monitoring Panel,  Region 10 U. S. EPA  (December 1990-present)Peer Reviewer, EPA EcoRisk Framework Document Peer Review Committee (March 1991-June 1991)Member, EPA Personnel Review Panel (June 1991)USEPA AREAL Peer Review Panel (March 1993)Member, EPA Workshop on the Ecological Risks of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (Sept 1993)Member, EPA Workshop on Ecological Risk Assessment of Watersheds (Sept 1994)Member, EPA Workshop on PCB TEFs (Jan 1998)

American Society for Testing and Materials and Committees E47, Environmental Toxicology and Fate.Member, ASTM Committee on Publications 1997-2002E47.01 Aquatic Toxicology Task GroupsCo-chairman, Tenth Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard AssessmentCo-editor, Vol. 10 Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment 1986Chairman, Thirteenth Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk AssessmentCo-editor, Vol. 13 Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment 1989Organizational Chair, First Symposium in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment April 1991.Co-editor of Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Vol. 1

Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Pacific Northwest Chapter Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.Editorial Board Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry - Hazard Assessment (1985-1990)Planning Committee - Workshop on Research Needs in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment for 1987 Breckenridge, CO Pellston.Organizational Chairman -1991 SETAC Annual Meeting, Nov. 1991 Seattle, WAVice President - Pacific Northwest Chapter SETAC 1991President - Pacific Northwest Chapter SETAC 1992Past President - Pacific Northwest Chapter SETAC 1993SETAC Finance Committee - 1991SETAC Annual Meetings Committee - 1992SETAC Regional Chapters Committee - 1992SETAC 96 and 97 Session Chair, Probabilistic Risk AssessmentProgram Chair-PNWSETAC 96 Annual Meeting, Corvallis, OR.SETAC Student Committee 1998SETAC Short Course Committee 1998-2001SETAC Nominations Committee 1999,2002SETAC Membership Committee 1999-2002SETAC 98 Session Chair, Whither environmental risk assessmentSETAC 99 Session Chair, Spatially explicit risk assessment, Sustainability and environmental risk assessmentSETAC 2000 Session Chair, Landscape ToxicologyMember SETAC Board of Directors 2000-2003Chair, SETAC Technical Committee 2000-2002SETAC 2002 Session Chair, Population level risk assessmentSETAC 2003 Session Co-Chair Risk AssessmentSETAC Europe 2006 Session Co-Chair Extrapolation in Ecological Risk AssessmentMember, New Journal Task Force 2000-2002Founding Member Editorial Board, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2003-presentSteering Committee Chair, Victoria BC Waste Treatment Evaluation July-August 2005Pellston Workshop ParticipationResearch Needs in Environmental Toxicology Breckenridge, Co, August 1987.SETAC/Conservation Foundation Microcosm Workshop, Virginia - October 1991Sediment Risk Assessment Workshop, Asilomar, CA March 1995Uncertainty Workshop, Pellston, MI, August 1995Regional Risk Assessment Workshop, Pellston, MI September 1997Revisiting of the Water Quality Criteria, Landsdown, Montana June 1998Complex stressors, Pellston, MI, September 1999Uncertainty in Pesticide Risk Assessment, Pensacola, FL March 2002Steering Committee, Population Level Risk Assessment-Denmark August 2003

CCME Ecological Technical Advisory Committee for Soil Hydrocarbon Criteria 1998-2001Science Advisory Committee for the Multiscale Experimental Ecosystem Research Center 1998-2001.  Research Advisory Committee, Long-Term Receiving Water Study, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement 1998-present.Editorial Board Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2001-presentFounding Editorial Board-Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Science Advisory Board for Contaminated Sties in British Columbia Level 2 Screening Level Risk Assessment Workshop, Vancouver BC July 2004.U. S. National Academy of Science and Chinese Academy of Science Workshop on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Beijing , China June 2004.

Science Advisory Boards-FACA CommitteesScience Advisory Board for Contaminated Sties in British Columbia Level 2 Screening Level Risk Assessment Workshop, Vancouver BC July 2004.Department of Interior FACA Committee Evaluating the NRDA Process April 2005USEPA Science Advisory Board  Ecological Processes and Effects Committee November 2005Expert Panel Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans for Horizontal Gene Transfer January 2006USEPA Technology for Sustainability Review. October 2006-March 2007