Deadly Force 4/1/07
Alpert, Geoffrey and John
MacDonald. 2001. "Police Use of Force:
An Analysis of Organizational Characteristics." Justice Quarterly 18:393-410.
Alpert, Geoffrey P. and
Williams C. Smith. 1994. "How
Reasonable is the Reasonable Man?: Police
and Excessive Force: System of Justice" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 481-501.
Bailey, Will C. and Ruth D.
Peterson. 1994. "Murder, Capital Punishment and Deterrence: A Review of the Evidence and an Examination
of Police Killings." Journal of
Social Issues 50:53-73.
Bayley, David H. and James
Garafalo. 1989. "The Management of Violence by Police Patrol
Officers." Criminology 27:1-25.
Binder, Arnold and Lorie
Fridell. 1984. "Lethal Force as a Police Response." Criminal Justice Abstracts 16:250-280.
Blumberg, Mark. 1993. "Controlling Police Use of Deadly
Force: Assessing Two Decades of
Progress." Pp. 469-492 in Critical Issues in Policing., edited by
Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Alpert.
Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
Press.
Brown, Jodi M. and Patrick Langan. 2001. Policing and Homicide, 1976-98: Justifiable Homicide by Police, Police Officers Murdered by Felons. Washington, D. C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Chamlin, Mitchell B. 1989. "Conflict Theory and Police Killings." Deviant Behavior 104:353-68.
Cloninger, Dale O. 1991. "Lethal Police Response as a Crime Deterrent." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 50:59-69.
Cohen, Julius. 1946 . "The Screws Case: Federal Protection of Negro Rights." Columbia Law Review 46:94-106.
Cullen, Francis T., Liqun Cao, James Frank, Robert H. Langworthy, Sandra Lee Browning, Renee Kopache, and Thomas J. Stevenson. 1996. ““Stop or I’ll Shoot”: Racial Differences in Support for Police Use of Deadly Force.” American Behavioral Scientist 39:449-460.
Epstein, Jayson. 1971. "The Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" New Yorker 46:45-77.
Fyfe, James J. 1978. Shots Fired: An Analysis of New York City Police Firearms Discharges. Doctoral dissertation. . SUNY-Albany. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms.
Fyfe, James J. 1978. "Administrative Interventions on Police Shooting Discretion: An Empirical Examination." Journal of Criminal Justice 7:309-323.
Fyfe, James J. 1982. "Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:707-722.
Fyfe, James J. 1986. "The Split-Second Syndrome and Other Determinants of Police Violence." Pp. in Violent Transactions, edited by Campbell and John Gibbs. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Fyfe, James J. 1988. “Police Use of Deadly Force: Research and Reform.” Justice Quarterly 5:165-205
Fyfe, James J. and Jeffery T.
Walker. 1990. "Garner Plus Five
Years: An Examination of Supreme Court
Intervention into Police Discretion and Legislative Prerogatives." American Journal of Criminal Justice 14:167-186.
Garner, Joel H., Christopher
D. Maxwell and Cedrick G. Heraux. 2002. "Characteristics Associated with
Prevalence and Severity of Force Used by the Police." Justice Quarterly 19:705-
Geller, William A. 1982. "Deadly Force: What We Know." Journal of Police Science and Administration. 10:151-77.
Geller, William A. and
Michael S. Scott. 1992. Deadly Force: What We Know - A Practitioner's Desk Reference on Police-Involved
Shootings. Washington, D. C.: Police Executive Research Forum.
Goldkamp, John S. 19.
"Minorities as Victims of Police Shootings; Interpretations of Racial Disporotionality and Police Use of
Deadly Force." Justice System
Journal 169-183.
Harring, Sid, Tony Platt,
Richard Speiglman and Paul Takagi. 1977. “The Management of Police
Killings.” Crime and Social Justice 8:34-43.
Howard, Woodford and
Cornelius Bushoven. 1967. "The Screws Case Revisited." Journal of Politics 29:617-636.
Jacobs, David and David
Britt. 1979. "Inequality and
Police Use of Deadly Force." Social Problems 26:403-412.
Jacobs, David and Robert M.
O'Brien. 1998. "The Determinants
of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence." American Journal of Sociology 103:837-862.
Langworthy, Robert. 1986.
"Police Shooting and Criminal Homicide:
The Temporal Relationship."
Journal of Quantitative
Criminology 2:377-388.
MacDonald, John M., Robert J.
Kaminski, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Abraham N. Tennenbaum. 2001. "The
Temporal Relationship Between Police Killings of Civilians and Criminal
Homicide: A Refined Version of the
Danger-Perception Theory." Crime and
Delinquency 47:155-172.
Mays, C. Larry and William A.
Taggart. 1985. "Deadly Force as a Policy Problem in Local Law
Enforcement: Do Administrative
Practices Make a Difference." Policy Studies Review 5:309-318.
Nielsen, Eric 1983.
"Policy on the Police Use of Deadly Force: A Cross-sectional Analysis." Journal of Police Science
and Administration 11:104-108.
Reiman, Jeffrey H. 1985 "The Social Contract and the Police Use of Deadly Force" in Frederick A. Elliston and Michael Feldberg, eds., Moral Issues in Police Work, Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld
Robin, Gerald.1963.
"Justifiable Homicide by Police Officers." 54:225-231.
Sherman, Lawrence W. 1980b.
"Execution Without Trial: Police Homicide and the Constitution." Vanderbilt Law Review 33:71-100.
Sherman, Lawrence W. 1983. "Reducing Police Gun Use: Critical
Events, Administrative Policy, and Organizational Change." Pp. 98-125 in Control
in the Police Organization, edited by Maurice Punch. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sherman, Lawrence W. and Ellen G. Bohr. 1986. Citizens Killed by Big City Police, 1970-1984. Washington DC: Crime Control Institute.
Smith, Brad W. 2003. "The Impact of Police Officer Diversity on Police-Caused Homicides." Policy Studies Journal 31(2): 147-162.
Sorensen, Jonathan R., James
W. Marquart and Deon E. Brock. 1993. "Factors Related to Killings of
Felons by Police Officers: A Test of
the Community Violence and Conflict Hypotheses." Justice Quarterly 10:417-440.
Sparger, Jerry R. and David
J. Giacopassi. 1992. “Memphis Revisited:
A Reexamination of Police Shootings after the Garner Decision.” Justice
Quarterly 9:211-225.
Takagi, Paul. 1974. “A
Garrison State in a ‘Democratic’ Society” Crime
and Social Justice 1:27-33.
Tennenbaum, Abraham N. 1995.
"The Influence of the Garner Decision
on Police Use of Deadly Force." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
85:241-260.
Waegel, William B. 1984. "How Police Justify the Use of Deadly
Force." Social Problems 32:144-155.
Waegel, William B. 1984. "The Use of Lethal Force by
Police: The Effect of Statutory
Change." Crime and Delinquency 30:121-140.
Walker, Jeffery T. 1996. "Police and Correctional Use of Force: Legal and Policy Standards and Implications." Crime and Delinquency 42(1): 144-146.
White, Michael D. 2001.
"Controlling Police Decisions to Use Deadly Force: Reexamining the
Importance of Administrative Policy." Crime
and Delinquency 47:131-151.
White, Michael D. 2002.
"Identifying Situational
Predictors of Police Shootings Using Multivariate Analysis." Policing
25:726-751.