Disorganization/Ecological Theories
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Bursik, Robert J., Jr. 1984. "Urban Dynamics and Ecological Studies of Delinquency." Social
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Bursik, Robert J., Jr. 1988. "Social Disorganization and Theories
of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects." Criminology 26:519-551.
Gordon, Robert I. 1967. "Issues in the Ecological Study of Delinquency." American Sociological
Review 32:927-944.
Heitgerd, Janet L. and Robert J. Burski, Jr. 1987. "Extracommunity Dynamics and the Ecology of
Delinquency." American Journal of Sociology 92:775-787.
Kowalski, Gregory S., Charles E. Faupel and Paul D. Starr. 1987.
"Urbanism and Suicide: A Study of American Counties." Social
Forces 66:85-101.
Krivo, Lauren J. and Ruth D. Peterson. 1996. "Extremely Disadvantaed Neighborhoods and
Urban Crime." Social Forces 75:619-650.
Laub, John H. 1987. "Rediscovering the Importance of Cities, Neighborhoods, and Crime."
Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3:83-94.
Roncek, Dennis W. 1981. "Dangerous Places: Crime and Residential
Environment." Social Forces 60:74-96.
Roncek, Dennis W. and Pamela A. Maier. 1991 "Bars, Blocks and Crimes Revisited: Linking the
Theory of Routine Activities to the Empiricism of Hot Spots." Criminology 29:755-776.
Sampson, Robert J. 1985. "Neighborhood and Crime: The Structural Determinants of Personal
Victimization." Journal for Research in Crime and Delinquency 22:7-40.
Sampson, Robert J. 1986a. "Effects of Socioeconomic Context on Official Reaction to Juvenile
Delinquency." American Sociological Review 51:876-885.
Sampson, Robert J. 1986b. "Crime in Cities: The Effects of Formal and Informal Social Control."
Crime and Justice 8:271-311.
Sampson, Robert J. 1987. "Communities and Crime." Pp. 91-114 in Positive Criminology, edited
by M. R. Gottfredson and T. Hirschi. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Sampson, Robert J. and W. B. Groves. 1989. "Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social
Disorganization Theory." American Journal of Sociology 94:774-802.
Sampson, Robert J., and Janet L. Lauritsen. 1990. "Deviant Lifestyles, Proximity to Crime, and
the Offender-Victim Link In Personal Violence." Journal of Research In Crime and
Delinquency 27:110-139.
Schmid, C. F. 1960a. "Urban Crime Areas: Part I." American
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Schmid, C. F. 1960b. "Urban Crime Areas: Part II." American
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Skogan, Wesley G. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiralof Decay in American
Neighborhoods. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stahura, John M. and John J. Sloan III. 1988. "Urban Stratification of Places, Routine Activities
and Suburban Crime Rates." Social Forces 66:1102-1118.
Taylor, Ralph B. and Jeanette Covington. 1988. "Neighborhood Changes in Ecology and
Violence." Criminology 26:553-589.
Warner, Barbara D. and Glenn L. Pierce. 1993. "Reexamining Social Disorganiztion Theory Using
Calls to the Police as a Measure of Crime." Criminology 31:493-517.
Wilkinson, Kenneth P. 1984. "A Research Note on Homicide and Rurality." Social Forces 63:445-
452.