Department of Environmental Sciences
Huxley College of the Environment
Western Washington University

ESCI 408 Field Methods in Wildlife Ecology
Spring 2009
Thur. 8-3 ES 80

Instructor: John McLaughlin Teaching Assistant: Erica Capuana
Office: ES 434 Office: ES 430
Phone: 650-7617 Phone: 650-7353
E-mail:
( Please do not send attachments in proprietary formats.)
E-mail: capuane [at]cc.wwu.edu
Office Hours: Wed 3-4, Thur 3-4 Office Hours: Tue 2-4 or by appt.

Course Web Site: http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~jmcl/Methods/syl_2009.htm
Please note: some hyperlinks may not be activated until class time.

Prerequisite:
ESCI 340 Biostatistical Analysis, AND ESCI 325, BIOL 325, or an equivalent basic ecology course.

Required "Text":
A field guide to North American Birds, including western species. The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Western North America (2003 Knopf, NY) is recommended, but most other standard guides will suffice. You are strongly recommended to obtain binoculars suitable for birding. In addition, field guides to North American mammals and animal tracks are recommended. Finally, you will need a sturdy field notebook with a waterproof cover.

Reading:
Selections from journal articles and from the following sources, on reserve in Wilson Library(*) or in the Huxley Library(**), ES 545.

Anderson, DR, KP Burnham, WL Thompson. 2000. Null hypothesis testing: Problems, prevalence, and an alternative. J. Wildl. Manage. 64:912-923.
http://www.cnr.colostate.edu/~anderson/PDF_files/TESTING.pdf

Anderson, DR and KP Burnham. 2002. Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. J. Wildl. Manage. 66:912-918.
http://www.cnr.colostate.edu/~anderson/PDF_files/Pitfalls.pdf

**Bekoff, M and D Jamieson. 1996. "Ethics and the study of carnivores: Doing science while respecting animals," ch. 1 in J. L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. vol. 2 , Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.

*Bibby, CJ, ND Burgess, DA Hill, and SH Mustoe. 2000. Bird Census Techniques, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London.

*Bookhout, TA, ed. 1996. Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats. 5th ed., rev. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.

Burnham, KP and DR Anderson. 2001. Kullback-Leibler information as a basis for strong inference in ecological studies. Wildlife Research 28:111-119.
http://www.cnr.colostate.edu/~anderson/PDF_files/K-LINFO.pdf

**Halfpenny, J, and E Biesiot. 1986. A Field Guide to Mammal Tracking in North America. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO. *****Halfpenny, JC. 1999. Scats and Tracks of the Pacific Coasti. Pequot Press, Guilford, CT. ******

*Halfpenny, J, and E Biesiot. 1999. A Field Guide to Mammal Tracking in Western America. NetLibrary, Inc., Boulder, CO.
Electronic resource: http://lis.wwu.edu/record=b1925120~S0

Hatanaka H. 2005. Answering the critics of Japanese whale research. Nature 436:912.

Heyer WR, et al., eds. 1994. Chapter 6: Standard techniques for inventory and monitoring. in: Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington D.C.

**Keyes, BE, & CE Grue. 1982. Capturing birds with mist nets: A review. N. Am. Bird Bander 7:2-14.

Kitchell J, B Hay. 2006. Frog and toad survey. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources.
Online: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/harvest/reports/06frogtoad.pdf

**Long RA, et al. 2006. Comparing scat detection dogs, cameras, and hair snares for surveying carnivores. J. Wildl. Manage. 71(6):2018-2025.

McCormick G. 2008. Ties that bind. Stanford Magazine March/April 2008, pp.49-55.
http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2008/marapr/features/academic.html

Mills LS. 2007. "Ethics and the wildlife population biologist," pp. 33-37 in: Mills LS. Conservation of Wildlife Populations. Blackwell Pub., Malden MA.

Mossman MJ, JR Saur, GA Gough, LM Hartman, R Hay. 1998. The Wisconsin Frog and toad survey home page. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (Madison) and USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel MD. http://www.mbr-pwrc.ugs.gov/wifrog/frog.htm

NCER (National Center for Environmental Research) 2009. Dawn chorus: Can bird song identify environmental health? U.S. EPA. (accessed 6 Feb. 2009)
URL: http://es.epa.gov/ncer/events/news/2009/01_08_09_feature.html
URL: http://tinyurl.com/b3gwv7

**Neff, DJ 1968. The pellet-group count technique for big game trend, census, and distribution: a review. J. Wildl. Manag. 55:393-396.

**New, TR 1997. Butterfly Conservation, 2nd Edition. Oxford Univ. Press, Melbourne, Australia.

**Pollard, E, and TJ Yates. 1993. Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

*Pyle, RM 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia : A Field Guide to All the Species of Washington, Oregon, and Surrounding Territories. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, WA.

Ralph, CJ, JR Sauer, and S Droege, eds. 1995. Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149, USDA-Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-149/gtr_149.html

**Siegel, RB 2000. Methods for monitoring landbirds: a review commissioned by Seattle City Light's Wildlife Research Advisory Com., Inst. for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, CA. 23pp.

**Sutherland, WJ, ed. 1996. Ecological Census Techniques. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

*Thayer Birding Software. 2001. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Guide to Birds of North America [electronic resource], Thayer Birding Software, Naples, FL.

Walker JW and Engdahl BS. 2003. Survey of Wildlife Surveillance Cameras. Texas Ag. Expt. Sta., San Angelo, TX.

Wong C. 2007. Preparing for the field season. ESA Bulletin 88(1).

WWU Animal Care and Use Committee. 2003. Animal Research: Policies governing Procedures for the use of Animals in Research and Teaching at Western Washington University.
Online: http://www.wwu.edu/depts/rsp/acuc.html

Zielinski, WJ and TE Kucera, eds. 1995. American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-157, USDA-Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-157/

**Wilson, DE, et al., eds. 1996. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Mammals. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington D.C.

Course Description:
This course will pursue two main goals: (1) to improve your competence in the study of terrestrial wildlife in field settings; and (2) to provide you experience in the field research process, from question development to result presentation -- and all intermediate steps. The course will focus on butterflies, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The course is organized as a series of field exercises, preceded or followed by "classroom" sessions that provide context for the fieldwork and that introduce research design and data analysis. Upon successfully completing the course, you should be able to do the following: (1) determine the distribution, abundance, and habitat use of diverse terrestrial wildlife, (2) sample habitat characteristics relevant to selected wildlife, and (3) design and conduct field research requiring (1) or (2).

Course Evaluation:

Grades will be based on:

Due

Weight

Track analysis report

April 16

10

Research project proposal

April 23

10

Pilot project report

May 7

10

Class project report ( frogs, MRR, or birds)

May 14

15

Practical and/or Take-home exam

May 14 & 21

20

Research presentation (in class)

June 5

15

Research project report

June 5

15

Class participation

throughout

5

Course Schedule:
Please note: some hyperlinks may not be activated until class time.

Date

Topics

Reading

April 2

Wildlife research hypotheses and approaches
Study area observation and evaluation
Using maps, compasses, and basic field surveying equipment
Bookhout, ch.1
Wong 2007

April 9

Bird identification
Sampling considerations and strategies;
Examples
Wildlife research design
Track identification and interpretation
Precision of track measurements
Halfpenny, et al. ch.5 in: Zielinski and Kucera 1995
Halfpenny, ch.3

April 16
10 AM

Ethical considerations in field research
Mark-release-recapture methods
mark-recapture data
Amphibian surveys: design and methods
Anuran aural survey (Meeting location TBA)
Amphibian distributions: analysis (TBA)
Raez 1998
WWU policy
Hatanaka 2005
Bekoff & Jamieson
Mills 2007
TWS
McCormick 2008
Sutherland, ch.6
Heyer et al. ch.6

April 16
7 PM

Anuran aural survey (Meet at Interurban trail x South Ave.)
(Frog photos and audio recordings)
(Pseudacris regilla, Pacific chorus frog)
(Rana aurora, red-legged frog)
(Rana catesbeiana, North American bullfrog)
(Bufo boreas, western toad)
Mossman et al. 1998
Kitchell & Hay 2006

April 23

Bird identification, continued
Carnivore surveys: design, implementation, results
Carnivore surveys in practice
*** Research project proposal due ***
Research Project Guidelines
Research Project Ideas
Zielinski and Kucera, ch.1-4
Walker and Engdahl 2003.
Long, et al. 2006

April 30
6:00AM

Avian surveys: design and conduct
Data analysis for wildlife ecology (AH 5 computer lab; 11am-1pm)
Determinants of avian diversity
Alternative: Determinants of individual species abundances
Habitat data form
R transcript for data entry, Poisson regression, model selection
R function for AMRO: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for CBCH: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for DEJU: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for GCKI: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for RBNU: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for SPTO: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
R function for WIWR: fit Poisson regression models and model selection
Plot: RBNU vs. % Deciduous; Poisson reg. model
Ungulate pellet counts (rainy day alternative)
Bibby et al. 2000. p.85-104; 210-239
Ralph et al. 1995. p.161-170
Siegel 2000.
NCER 2009
Burnham & Anderson 2001
Anderson, et al. 2000
Anderson & Burnham 2002
Neff 1968

May 7

Meet at Connelly Creek Natural Area, north trailhead @ Douglas Ave.
VCP avian survey method
Radio Telemetry
Small mammals: relative abundance
*** Pilot research project due ***

Fancy 1997
Bookhout, ch.15

May 14

Carnivore surveys: camera check, habitat measurement
*** Practical/Take-home exam, part I ***
***Class project report (frogs, MRR, or birds) due ***
Zielinski and Kucera, ch. 3,4

May 21

Practical/Take-home exam part I due
*** Practical/Take-home exam, part I due ***
*** Practical exam, part II ***
Carnivore surveys, check and removal
Photos from spring 2007

May 28
7:00AM

Meet at Connelly Creek Natural Area, north trailhead @ Douglas Ave.
Measuring avian productivity and survival
Butterfly surveys
Keyes & Grue 1982
Pollard & Yates p.10-20
New p.88-111

June 4

Meet 10:00AM, ES 80
Research project presentations
*** research reports due ***
Please return all equipment today, at start of class.

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