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D:\pb48633\geo201\chp1198.htm

GEOG 201

CHAPTER 11 STUDY NOTES

INDUSTRY

I. Introduction

INDUSTRY -- Production of goods, especially through manufacturing techniques, and a group of firms with similar technical structures for production.

1. Method of adding value, man-made value, motive force,...

2. Includes factory system, limited stock companies, integrated activities, specialization, scale economies,...

DISTRIBUTION -- non-uniform and effected by many factors:

1. Historical -- think of Boeing, Ford examples
2. Cultural -- traditional societies versus capitalist

recall examples of:
- -enclosure movement in England
  -stock companies in India
3. Spatial & Physical -- resources, natural transportation routes

recall examples of:
- -Pittsburgh
  -New York City

II. Key Point 1 -- ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. Industrial Revolution -- completely changed
- a. How goods were produced
  b. How economy was organized
  
  c. How people worked
  
  d. How goods were consumed
  
  -what's a popular custom and why should you know???
2. Hearth Area - England after 1750's
- a. Key Invention
  - Steam Engine -- non-natural power
  
  b. Diffusion to and impact on other industries
  - 1) From the Iron Industry
    - -Iron -- vastly increased production, why???
      -Coal -- key new input, why???
      
      -Engineering -- who starts it and why ???
      
      -Transportation -- both infrastructure and technology changes, what were these
    2) Textiles
    
    -recall the example in class leading to the first Planned Industrial Town -- Lowell MA
    -Chemicals -- eventually able to replace all natural inputs in this industry
    
    -Vanna "what's spandex?"
    
    -Why did the German army wear Orlon during winter in WWII
    
    3) Food
    
    -what changes occurred here, how did that overcome space
    -how did mechanical refrigeration change New Zealand
  c. International Diffusion
  
  1) Diffusion to Europe (see figure 10-2)
  -Why France and not Germany in early 19th century
  
  2) Diffusion to US
  
  -How did Francis Cabot Lowell start the process with textiles

FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL -- AMERICAN ENTREPRENEUR (& pirate)

- Wealthy New England merchant family, dates back to Mayflower
- Embargo of 1808

- Illness in 1810 -- trip to England

- 1812 -- Waltham factory -- first cotton bales to cloth factory in world

- 1816 -- lobbies for U.S. Tariff Act

- 1817 -- rich guy dead

- 1826 -- LOWELL MA -- founded by The Associates -- First Planned Industrial City in the World -- outproduces England for short time

_______________________________________________________

-where and how did he did he start the textile industry
-why was the townsite of Lowell MA chosen

-If capital was scarce where was one source for the US -- think back to the video

-If labor was scarce where was a source -- think back to Chapter 3, push and pull, and the demographic transition

III. Key Point 2 -- HOW IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED WORLD WIDE

A. What are the major industrial regions of the world? How many major regions are there? What portion of world manufacturing output comes from these areas? (see Maps)

B. How is the location of Manufacturing changing in the United States, and why might this be important to us? (compare Fig. 11-4 with 11-5, for a specific example 11-10 with 11-11 or 11-20 or the discussion on "Shifting Geography of Motor Vehicle Production")

IV. Key Point 3 -- FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCATION OF FACTORIES

Multiple Site and Situation factors effect factory location.

A. Situation -- refers to "network" and transportation costs, trying to minimize transportation costs

1. Aluminum -- bauxite ore is shipped into Washington, refining results in BULK LOOSING

a. what local input makes it worthwhile to produce refined aluminum in our state???

b. what local market utilizes some of this aluminum?

c. what factors have caused us to loose production of aluminum???

2,BULK GAINING industries -- why is there a Pepsi bottling plant in Bellingham, can't they make enough in Seattle? (see Fig. 10-12)

3. Break of Bulk -- why is the Georgia Pacific Plant located in Bellingham Harbor??? What does Break of Bulk mean???

B. Site -- unique characteristics at a location, usually refers to Land, Labor, and Capital

1. Land -- why are no new factories being built along the waterfront in Seattle or Bellingham?

2. Labor -- why does Boeing outsource some production to China?

C. Obstacles to Optimum Location

-- primarily a lack of full knowledge or bias upon the part of decision makers

V. Key Point 4 -- INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS FACING COUNTRIES

A. Stagnant Demand

1. What does Rubenstein say about the current relationship between current Supply and Demand for manufactured goods?

2. Note WHY demand is currently stagnant.

3. How might government policy and trading blocks lead to over-supply???

-where is new capacity for steel production being built? (see Fig. 11-21)

-what is the reaction at older steel plants?

B. Industrial Problems in the More Developed Countries

1. What are the three great trading Blocs? Are all of these formal? Do they all work as well?

C. Disparities within trading blocs

1. Historically which region of the United States was richest and which poorest? However, since the 1930s which region has been growing the fastest? Is part of the cause of this growth a result of Government Policy (are those southern Conservatives and Republicans really closet Socialists???)?

D. Problems in Less Developed Countries

1. What are the new problems are LDCs facing???