Study Questions on Japan’s Minorities

 

For the readings in Weiner you may refer to class notes and notes posted on the class e-mail site:

Egeo3242005@yahoo.com

 

From Chapters that all are required to read (Chap 1, and 8) questions could be related to an essay, short answer or multiple choice.

 

For the remaining chapters (2,3,4,5,6,7) only broad multiple choice questions will appear on the final based on the study questions offered below.

 

 

Weiner, Michael. 1997. Japan's Minorities; The Illusion of Homogeneity. Routledge: New York.

 

Chap. 1: The Invention of Identity 'Self' and 'Other' in Pre-war Japan

 

What is the difference between a nation and a state and why is that important?

Explain the task that the Meiji Government faced in the 19th and early 20th century.  Make statements and provide examples in developing your answer.

What did it mean ‘to create an unbroken sense of continuity based on the restoration of the Emperor’?

What did selective revival of the past mean?

What was the Kazoku Kokka?  How might it be organized?  And what heritage did it broadly draw upon?

What are Minzoku and Jinshu and how did they also affect Japan in the Meiji era?  Was there a European/Western intellectual connection to how these ideas were developed?

Who were the excluded others?  Did they exist only outside Japan? 

During the Meiji era, the idea of "inferior races" became popularized in Japan.  What was meant by this?

What were dying races?  How did these relate to how the Japanese identified themselves?

What is meant by the ‘two tiered and contradictory narrative of race’ during this time period as Japan viewed Asia in particular and the world in general?

 

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For chapters 2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 only multiple choice questions will appear based on information like the following.

 

Chapter 2 – Ainu

Who are the Ainu?  Are they Japanese or not? (consider the ideas we discussed concerning nation versus state or country and also Weiner’s discussion of self and others in pre-war Japan).

How long have the Ainu been in Hokkaido?  How was their relationship to the Japanese or “wajin” prior to the Meiji Restoration?

In a country of about 127 million people about how many Ainu are there?

What is meant by the fact that Hokkaido became an internal colony in Japan after the Meiji Restoration?

How aware of the Ainu are the average Japanese according to this article?

 

Chapter 3 -- Burakumin

Who are the Burakumin?  Where did they come from?

Are they actually a separate group for the rest of the Japanese? 

How/When were the Burakumin created? 

What is their current situation?

In 1965 a government Commission of Inquiry published a report on the Burakumin, what kinds of things did it conclude?

What was the BLL and what did they want?

What kinds of issues did the Special Measures address regarding Burakumin?

Currently are the numbers of those who identify themselves as Burakumin increasing or decreasing?  Why is there this change?

 

Chapter 4 – Korean Hibakusha

Why are Koreans in Japan?

Historically how have Japanese viewed Koreans living and working in Japan?

Who are the Hibakusha?  What is their problem?

Are the Korean Hibakusha better off or worse off then the Japanese Hibakusha?

What do Korean Hibakusha want?

 

Chapter 5 – Chinese

There are three general periods of Chinese immigration and relations with Japan described in this chapter before WWII:

1. Historical up to the Tokagawa closing of the Japan in 1639 and the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644

2. Tokagawa period when Japan was almost completely closed to the outside world

3. The Meiji and up until the end of WWII

In each of these periods how did the Japanese view the Chinese and Chinese culture, as superiors, inferiors, or equals? 

Did the Sino-Japanese war of 1894/95 confirm the Japanese view of their relative position in this hierarchy in comparison to China? 

 

Chapter 6 – Ryukkyuans/Okinawans

Based on Demko’s definition of a “nation” might we think of the Ryukyu Islands as a nation different then Japan?

What was “joint-subordination” and at the time who subordinated the Ryukyu Islands?

When were the Islands annexed by Japan as an integral part of its country?

When/for how long did the US occupy the Ryukyo Islands?

Did the people of the Ryukyu Islands like US occupation?  Did they want to again re-join Japan instead?

Today would the people of the Rykyu Islands like a reduced or increased presence of American military bases?

 

Chapter 7 -- Nikkeijin

What is the role of the Nikkeijin in modern Japan? 

Who are they, and roughly how many of them are there, and how do they fit into Japan's society and economy? 

Why are they coming to Japan? 

Do you find similarities or differences in the way they are treated versus other minorities in Japan? 

Would you say they are treated better, worse or the same as other minorities in Japan?

Does Japan's pre-WWII history of defining itself using the concepts of Minzoku and Jinshu and social Darwinism help us to understand the complex and sometimes confusing relationship of Japan to the Nikkeijin versus other minority groups? 

Does this also suggest a difficult issue that Japan will be facing over the next generation as society ages and areas that they will have to address?

  

Chapter 8: Soto and Uchi ‘Others’: Imaging Diversity

What do the following terms mean?

  • Soto
  • Uchi
  • Gaijin
  • Gaikokujin
  • Kokujin
  • Ajianjin

 

How has Japan viewed the Western world?  How have they used Westerns in their advertising and why?  What is No Miiningu Ado and how does it fit into advertising?

 

What has been the Japanese view of African-Americans?

 

What image of other Asians has been portrayed in advertising in Japan?