Albanese, Jay S

CRIMINAL JUSTICE READING LIST

11/1/96 J. Inverarity Please send suggestions for revision to 2jim@nessie.cc.wwu.edu

Comparative Law. . . . . . . 1

Confessions (5th Amendment) . 3

Corrections . . . . . . . . .3

Death Penalty. . . . . . . . 9

Defense Attorney. . . . . . .9

Defenses to Crime. . . . . . 9

Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Due Process. . . . . . . . . 14

Exclusionary Rule. . . . . . 15

First Amendment. . . . . . . 16

Forfeiture. . . . . . . . . .16

Insanity Defense. . . . . . .16

Jury. . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Juvenile Justice. . . . . . .17

Media and Public Opinion 19

Origins of Laws. . . . . . . 19

Plea Bargaining. . . . . . . 21

Police:

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Community Policing. . . . . . . . . . . 36

Corruption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

DARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Deadly Force. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .40

Discretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Domestic Violence. . . . . . . . . . . .43

Expenditure and Size. . . . . . . . . . 46

History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Patrol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Private Policing. . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Undercover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . 52

Prosecutors. . . . . . . . . 52

Search and Seizure (4th Amendment). . . .53

Sentencing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Sentencing Guidelines. . . . . . . . . .61

Torts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Victims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Comparative Law

Araki, Nobuyoshi. 1985. "The Flow of Criminal Cases in the Japanese Criminal Justice System." Crime and Delinquency 31:601-629.

Baker, J. H. 1977. "Criminal Courts and Procedure at Common Law, 1550-1800." Pp. 49-71 in Crime in England 1550-1800, edited by J. S. Cockburn. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Boritch, Helen. 1992. "Gender and Criminal Court Outcome: An Historical Analysis." Criminology 30:293-325.

Fenwick, Charles R. 1982. "Crime and Justice in Japan: Implications for the United States." International Journal Of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 6:61-71.

Goldstein, Abraham S. and Martin Marcus. 1978. "Comment on Continental Criminal Procedure." Yale Law Journal 87:1570-77.

Graham, John. 1990. "Decarceration in the Federal Republic of Germany." British Journal of Criminology 30:150-170.

Greenberg, Janelle. 1984. "The Victim in Historical Perspective: Some Aspects of the English Experience." Journal of Social Issues 40:77-102.

Haley, John O. 1982. "Sheathing the Sword of Justice in Japan: An Essay on Law Without Sanctions." Journal of Japanese Studies 8:265-281.

_____. 1991. Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hamilton, V. Lee and Joseph Sanders. 1983. "Universals in Wrongdoing" Japanese and Americans Compared." American Sociological Review 48:199-211.

_____. and _____. 1988. "Punishment and the Individual in the United States and Japan." Law and Society Review 22:301-28.

Jenkins, Philip. 1992. Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lenke, Leif. 1980. "Criminal Policy and Repression in Capitalist Societies: The Scandinanvian Case." Scandinavian Studies in Criminology 7:5-30.

Lynch, James P. 1988. "A Comparison of Prison Use in England, Canada, West Germany and the United States: A Limited Test of the Punitive Hypothesis." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 79:180-217.

Pavarini, Massimo. 1994. "The New Penology and Politics in Crisis: The Italian Case." British Journal of Criminology 34:49-61.

Pease, Ken. 1994. "Cross-National Imprisonment Rates: Limitations of Method and Possible Conclusions." British Journal of Criminology 34:116-130.

Rohrl, Vivian J. 1984. "Compensation in Cross-cultural Perspective." Pp. 191-210 in Toward a General Theory of Social Control, edited by Donald Black. New York: Academic Press.

Rustigan, Michael A. 1980. "A Reinterpretation of Criminal Law Reform in Nineteenth Century England." Journal of Criminal Justice 8:205-219.

Confessions (5th Amendment)

Leo, Richard A. 1994. "Police Interrogation and Social Control." Social and Legal Studies 3:93-120.

Leo, Richard A. 1996. "Inside the Interrogation Room." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:266-303.

Simon, David. 1991. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. Pp. 193-207. New York: Ballantine.

Corrections

Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. "Prisons." Pp. 387-419. in Crime, edited; by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. San Francisco: ICS Press.

Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. 1973. "A Theory of the Stability of Punishment." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 64:198-207.

Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Soumyo Moitra and Daniel Nagin. 1981. "On Testing the Stability of Punishment Hypothesis: A Reply." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1799-1808.

Blumstein, Alfred and Soumyo Moitra. 1979. "An Analysis of the Time Series of the Imprisonment Rate in the States of the United States: A Further Test of the Stability of Punishment Hypothesis." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 70:376-390.

Bottoms, Anthony E. 1983. "Neglected Features of Contemporary Penal Systems," Pp. 166-202 in The Power to Punish: Contemporary Penality and Social Analysis, edited by David Garland and Peter Young. Atlantic Highlands, N. J.: Humanities Press.

Byrne, James M. 1990. "The Future of Intensive Probation Supervision and the New Intermediate Sanctions." Crime and Delinquency 36:6-41.

Colvin, Mark. 1982. "The New Mexico Prison Riot." Social Problems 29:449-463.

Crouch, Ben M. 1993. "Is Incarceration Really Worse?: Analysis of Offenders' Preferences for Prison Over Probation." Justice Quarterly 10:67-88.

Crouch, Ben M. and James W. Marquart. 1989. An Appeal to Justice: Litigated Reform of Texas Prisons. Austin: University of Texas Press.

_____. and _____. 1990. "Resolving the Paradox of Reform: Litigation, Prisoner Violence and Perceptions of Risk." Justice Quarterly 7:103-123.

Cullen, Francis T. and Karen E. Gilbert. 1982. Reaffirming Rehabilitation. Cincinnati: Anderson.

Ekland-Olson, Sheldon. 1986. "Crowding, Social Control, and Prison Violence: Evidence from the Post-Ruiz Years in Texas." Law and Society Review 20:389-421

Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, John Lieb and Louis Zurcher. 1984. "The Paradoxical Impact of Criminal Sanctions: Some Microstructural Findings. Law and Society Review 18:159-178.

Feeley, Malcolm M. and Jonathan Simon. 1992. "The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implication." Criminology 30:449-474.

Feldman, Daniel L. 1993. "20 Years of Prison Expansion: A Failing National Strategy." Public Administration Review 53:561-566.

Finstad, Liv. 1990. "Sexual Offenders Out of Prison: Principles For a Realistic Utopia." International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 18:157-177.

Greenberg, David F. 1977b. "The Dynamics of Oscillatory Punishment Processes." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 68:643-51.

Hirschi, Adam J. 1982. "From Pillory to Penitentiary: The Rise of Criminal Incarceration in Early Massachusetts." Michigan Law Review 80:1179-1269.

Hylton, John H. 1981. "Community Corrections and Social Control: The Case of Saskatchewan, Canada." Contemporary Crises 5:193-215.

Irwin, John. 1985. The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kelly, William R., and Sheldon Ekland-Olson. 1991. "The Response of the Criminal Justice System to Prison Overcrowding: Recidivism Patterns Among Four Successive Parolee Cohorts." Law and Society Review 25:601-620.

Lyon, David. 1993. "An Electronic Panopticon: A Sociological Critique of Surveillance Theory." Sociological Review 653-78.

Marquart, James W. 1986. "Prison Guards and the Use of Physical Coercion as a Mechanism of Prisoner Control." Criminology 24:347-366.

Marquart, James W. and Ben M. Crouch. 1985. "Judicial Reform and Prisoner Control: The Impact of Ruiz v. Estelle on a Texas Penitentiary." Law and Society Review 19:557-586.

Marquart, James W. and Jonathan R. Sorensen. 1988. "Institu-tional and Postrelease Behavior of Furman-commuted Inmates in Texas." Criminology 26:677-693.

Maxfield, Michael G. and Terry L. Baumer. 1990. "Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring: Comparing Pretrial and Postconviction Programs." Crime and Delinquency 36:521-536.

McMahon, Maeve. 1992. The Persistent Prison?: Rethinking Decarceration and Penal Reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Menzies, Robert J. 1987. "Cycles of Control: The Transcarceral Careers of Forensic Patients." International Journal of Law and Psychiatary 10:233-249.

Morris, Norval. 1974. The Future of Imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

______. 1985. "Predictions of Dangerousness." Crime and Justice 6:1-50.

Pease, Ken. 1985. "Coummunity Service Orders." Crime and Justice 6:51-94.

Petersilia, Joan and Peter W. Greenwood. 1993. Intensive Probation and Parole." Crime and Justice 17:281-335.

_____ and _____. 1995. "A Crime Control Rationale For Reinvesting In Community Corrections." The Prison Journal 75:479-4969.

Petersilia, Joan and Susan Turner. 1992. "An Evaluation of Intesive Probation in California." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:610-658.

Petersilia, Joan, Susan Turner, James Kahan, and Joyce Peterson. 1985. Granting Felons Probation: Public Risks and Alternatives. Santa Monica: Rand.

Pratt, John. 1993. "`This is Not a Prison': Foucault, the Panopticon and Pentonville." Social and Legal Studies 2:373-395.

Quinlan, Michael J. 1992. "Intermediate Punishments as Sentencing Options." Southern California Law Review 66:217-223.

Rauma, David. 1981a. "Crime and Punishment Reconsidered: Some Comments on Blumstein's Stability of Punishment Hypothesis." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1772-1798.

______. 1981b. "A Concluding Note on the Stability of Punishment: A Reply to Blumstein, et al." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1809-1812.

Scull, Andrew. 1984 [1977]. Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant -- A Radical View. Second edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

______. 1982. "Community Corrections: Panacea, Progress or Pretense?" Pp. 199-228 in The Politics of Informal Justice, edited by Richard Abel. New York: Academic Press.

Steadman, Henry, John Monahan, Barbara Duffee, Eliot Hartstone, and Pamela C. Robbins. 1984. "The Impact of State Mental Hospital Deinstitutionalization on U.S. Prison Populations, 1968-78." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:474-90.

Strub, Harry. 1989. "The Theory of Panoptical Control: Bentham's Panopticon and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 25:40-59.

Swigert, Victoria L. and Ronald A. Farrell. 1977. "Normal Homicide and the Law." American Sociological Review 42:16-32.

Death Penalty

Dorin, Dennis D. 1981. "Two Different Worlds: Criminologists, Justices and Racial Discrimination in the Imposition of Capital Punishment in Rape Cases." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1667-1698.

Gross, Samuel R. 1993. "The Romance of Revenge: Capital Punishment in America.: Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 13:71-104.

Gross, Samuel R. and Robert Mauro. 1989. Death and Discrimination: Racial Disparities in Capital Sentencing. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Hans, Valarie P. 1986. "An Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward the Insanity Defense." Criminology 34:393-414.

Hans, valerie P., and Dan Slater, 1983. "John Hinckley, Jr. and the Insanity Defense: The Public's Verdict." Public Opinion Quarterly 47:202-212.

Marquart, James W., Sheldon Ekland-Olson and Jonathan R. Sorenson. 1989. "Gazing into the Crystal Ball: Can Jurors Accurately Predict Dangerousness in Capital Cases?" Law and Society Review 23:449-468.

Miller, Edward. 1990. "Executing Minors and the Mentally Retarded: The Retribution and Deterrence Rationales." Rutgers Law Review 43:15-52.

#Schuller, Regina A. 1194. "Applications of Battered Woman Syndrome Evidence in the Courtroom." Pp. 113-134 in Violence and the Law, edited by Mark Costanzo and Stuart Oskamp. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Defense Attorney

McConville, Michael and Chester L. Mirsky. 1990. "Understanding Defense of the Poor in State Courts: The Sociolegal Context of Nonadversarial Advocacy." Studies in Law, Politics and Society 10:217-242.

McIntyre, Lisa J. 1987. The Public Defender. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Defenses to Crime

Allen, Francis A. 1981. Decline of the Rehabilitation Ideal: Penal Policy and Social Purpose. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Bannister, Shelley and Dragan Milvanovic. 1990. "The Necessity Defense, Substantive Justice and Oppositional Linguistic Praxis." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 18:179-198.

Goodpaster, Gary. 1986. "The Adversary System, Advocacy, and Effective Assistance of Counsel in Criminal Cases." New York University Review of Law and Social Change 19:57-92.

Kelman, Herbert C. and V. Lee Hamilton. 1989. Crimes of Obedience. New Haven: Yale University Press.

McIntyre, Lisa J. 1987. The Public Defender. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rudzinski, Alexander W. 1966. "The Duty to Rescue: A Comparative Analysis." Pp. 91-106 in The Good Samaritan and the Law, edited by James M. Ratcliffe. New York: Anchor Books.

Serba, Leslie. 1980. "Is Mens Rea a Component of Perceived Offense Seriousness?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 71:124-135.

Tchen, Christina M. 1983. "Rape Reform and a Stautory Consent Defense." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:1518-1555.

Tunc, Andre. 1966. "The Volunteer and the Good Samaritan." Pp. 43-62 in The Good Samaritan and the Law, edited by James M. Ratcliffe. New York: Anchor Books.

Drugs

Baumer, Eric. 1984. "Poverty, Crack, and Crime: A Cross-City Analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:311-327.

Collison, Mike. 1993. "Punishing Drugs: Criminal Justice and Drug Use." British Journal of Criminology 33:382-399.

Courtwright, David T. 1991. "Drug Legalization, the Drug War, and Drug Treatment in Historical Perspective." Journal of Policy History 3:393-414.

Dickson, Donald. 1968. "Bureaucracy and Morality: An Organizational Perspective on a Moral Crusade. Social Problems 16:143-56.

Galliher, John F. 1979. "Utah's Liberal Drug Laws: Structural Foundations and Triggering Events.: Social Problems 26:284-297.

Galliher, John F.. and Allynn Walker. 1977. "The Puzzle of the Social Origins of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937." Social Problems 24:367-76.

Gallliher, John F., J. L. McCartney and B. E. Baum. 1974. "Nebraska's Marijuana Law: A Case of Unexpected Legislative Innovation." Law and Society Review 8:441-55.

Gardiner, Gareth S., and Rechard McKinney. 1991. "The Great American War on Drugs: Another Failure of Tough-Guy Management." Journal of Drug Issues 21:605-616.

Goldstein, Avram and Harold Kalant. 1990. "Drug Policy: Striking the Right Balance." Science 249:1513-21.

Gordon, Diana R. 1994. The Return of the Dangerous Classes: Drug Prohibition and Policy Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.

Green, Lorraine. 1995. "Cleaning Up Drug Hot Spots In Oakland California: The Displacement and Diffusion Effects." Justice Quarterly 12:737-754.

Humphries, Drew., John Dawson, Valerie Cronin, Phyllis Keating, Chris Wisniewski, and Jennie Eichfeld. 1992. "Mothers and Children, Drugs and Crack: Reactions to Maternal Drug Dependency." Women and Criminal Justice 3:81-99.

Inciardi, James A. 1992. The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, AIDS and Public Policy. Palo Alto: Mayfield.

Jenkins, Philip. 1994a. "`The Ice Age': The Social Construction of a Drug Panic." Justice Quarterly 11:7-31.

Johnson, Bruce D., Terry Williams, Kojo A. Dei and Harry Sanabria. 1990. "Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community." Crime and Justice 13:9-67.

Levine, Harry G. 1978. "The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39:143-174.

MacCoun, Robert J. "Drugs and the Law: A Psychological Analysis of Drug Prohibition." Psychological Bulletin 113:497-512.

MacCoun, Robert J. and Peter Reuter. 1992. "Are the Wages of Sin $30 an Hour?: Economic Aspects of Street-Level Drug Dealing." Crime and Delinquency 38:477-491.

Madden, Robert G. 1993. "State Actions to Control Fetal Abuse: Ramifications for Child Welfare Practice." Child Welfare 72:129-140.

Marquart, James W., Madhava Bodapati, Steven J. Cuvelier, and Leo Carroll. 1993. "Ceremonial Justice, Loose Coupling, and the War on Drugs in Texas, 1980-1989." Crime and Delinquency 39:528-542.

McGaw, Dickinson. 1991. "Governing Metaphors: The War on Drugs." American Journal of Semiotics 8:53-74.

Nadelman, Ethan A. 1989. "Drug Prohibition in the United States: Costs, Consequences and Alternatives." Science 245:939-947.

Parssinen, Terry M. 1983. Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930.

Pearson, Geoffrey. "Drug Problems and Criminal Justice Policy in Britain." Contemporary Drug Problems 19:279-301.

Powell, john a. and Eileen B. Hershenov. 1991. "Hostage to the Drug War: The National Purse, the Constitution and the Black Community." U.C. Davis Law Review 24:557-616.

Ravenholt, R. T. 1984. "Addiction Mortality in the United States, 1980: Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substances." Population and Development Review. 10:697-724.

Reinarman, Craig, and Harry G. Levine. 1989a. "Crack in Context:Politics and Media in the Making of a Drug Scare." Contemporary Drug Problems 16:535-577.

______. 1989b. "Understanding Drug Scares and Building Better Drug Policies." Mersey Drug Journal 2:14-17.

_____. 1988. "The Social Construction of an Alcohol Problem: The Case of Mothers against Drunk Drivers and Social Control in the 1980s." Theory and Society 17:91-120.

Reinarman, Craig, Dan Waldorf and Sheila B. Murphy. 1988."Scapegoating and Social Control in the Construction of a Public Problem: Empirical and Critical Findings on Cocaine and Work." Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 9:37-62.

Reuter, Peter. 1988. "Quantity Illusions and Paradoxes of Drug Interdiction: Federal Intervention into Vice Policy." Law and Contemporary Problems 51:233-252.

______. 1992a. "Hawks Ascendant: The Punitive Trend of American Drug Policy." Daedalus 121:15-52.

______. 1992b. "The Limits and Consequences of U. S. Foreign Drug Control Efforts." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 521:151-162.

______. 1993. "Prevalence Estimation and Policy Formulation." Journal of Drug Issues 23:167-184.

Roberts, Dorothy E. 1991. "Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality, and the Right of Privacy." Harvard Law Review 104:1419-1482.

Schelling, Thomas. 1992. "Addictive Drugs: The Cigarette Experience." Science 255:430-433.

Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1989. "On the Fourth Amendment Rights of the Law-Abiding Public." Supreme Court Review 1989:87-163.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and Dennis P. Rogan.1995. "Deterrent Effects of Police Raids on Crack Houses: A Randomized, Controlled Experiment." Justice Quarterly 12:755-782.

Weisburd, David. 1995. Policing Drug Hot Spots: The Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment." Justice Quarterly 12:711-736.

Due Process

Casper, Jonathan D., Tom Tyler and Bonnie Fisher. 1988. "Procedural Justice in Felony Cases." Law and Society Review 22:173-204.

Damaska, Miriam. 1973. "Evidentiary Barriers to Conviction and Two Models of Criminal Procedure." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 121:506-589.

Greenless, Lisa T. 1991. "Washington State's Sexually Violent Predators Act Model or Mistake?" American Criminal Law Review 29:107-132.

Greenspan, Rosann. 1994. "Criminal Due Process in the Administrative State." Studies in Law, Politics and Society 14:169-211.

Griffiths, John. 1970. "Ideology in Criminal Procedure of a Third `model' of the Criminal Process." Yale Law Journal 79:359-417.

Huff, C. Ronald, Arye Rattner and Edward Sagarin. 1986. "Guilty Until Proved Innocent: Wrongly Conviction and Public Policy." Crime and Delinquency 32:518-544.

Lanza-Kaduce, Lonn. 1982. "Formality, Neutrality, and Goal Rationality: The Legacy of Weber in Analyzing Legal Thought." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:533-560.

Meltzer, Daniel J. 1988. "Deterring Constitutional Violations by Law Enforcement Officials: Plaintiffs and Defendants as Private Attorneys General." Columbia Law Review 88:247-328.

Misner, Robert L. "Limiting Leon: A Mistake of Law Analogy." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 77:507-545.

Mondak, Jeffrey J. 1993. "Institutional Legitimacy and Procedural Justice; Reexamining the Question of Causality." Law and Society Review 27: 599-608.

Exclusionary Rule

Canon, Bradley C. 1977. "Testing the Effectiveness of Civil Liberties Policies at the State and Federal Levels: The case of the Exclusionary Rule." American Politics Quarterly 5:57-82.

Davies, Thomas Y. "A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the `Costs' of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of `Lost' Arrests." American Bar Foundation Research Journal 3:611-689.

Orfeld, Myron W. 1987. "The Exclusionary Rule and Deterrence: An Empirical Study of Chicago Narcotics Officers." University of Chicago Law Review 54:1016-1069.

First Amendment

Gerstenfled, Phyllis B. 1992. "Smile When You Call Me That!: The Problems with Punishing Hate Motivated Behavior." Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10:259-285.

Goldstein, Robert J. 1995. Saving "old Glory": The History of the American Flag Desecration Controversy. Bouolder: Westview Press.

Horwitz Robert B. 1993 "Beginning the Question: Consistency and `common Sense' in the First Amendment Jurisprudence of Advertising and Begging." Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 13:213-247.

Kahan, Jeffrey B. 1993. "Bach, Beethoven and the (Home)Boys: Censoring Violent Rap Music in America." Southern California Law Review 66:2583-2610.

Kessler, Mark. 1993. "Legal Discourse and Political Intolerance: The Ideology of Clear and Present Danger." Law and Society Review 27:559-597.

McConahay, John. 1988. "Pornography: The Symbolic Politics of Fantasy." Law and Contemporary Problems 51:31-69.

Post, Robert C. 1988. "Cultural Heterogeneity and Law: Pornography, Blasphemy, and the First Amendment." California Law Review. 76:297-335.

Forfeiture

Miller, J. Mitchell and Lance H. Selva. 1994. "Drug Enforcement's Double-Edged Sword: An Assessment of Asset Forfeiture Programs." Justice Quarterly 11:313-335.

Stahl, Marc B. 1992. "Asset Forfeiture, Burdens of Proof and the War on Drugs. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:274-337.

Insanity Defense

Alexander, Rudolph, Jr. 1995. "Employing the Mental Health System to Control Sex Offenders After Penal Incarceration." Law and policy 17:111-129.

Ennis, Bruce J. and Thomas R. Litwack. 1974. "Psychology and the Presumption of Expertise: Flipping Coins in the Courtroom." California Law Review 62:671-93.

Low, Peter W., John C. Jeffries, Jr. and Richard J. Bonnie. 1986. The Trial of John Hinkley Jr.: A Case Study in the Insanity Defense. Mineola, N. Y.: Foundation Press.

Miller, Kent S. 1980. The Criminal Justice and Mental Health Systems: Conflict and Collusion. Cambridge, Mass.: Oeleschlager, Gunn and Hain.

Moran, Richard. 1981. McNaughten, Knowing Right from Wrong:

The Insanity Defense. New York: McMillan.

______. 1985. "The Modern Foundation for the Insanity Defense: The Cases of James Hatfield and Daniel McNaughten." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 477:31-42.

Jury

Greene, Edith. 1990. "Media Effects on Jurors." Law and Human Behavior 14:439-450.

Kramer, Geoffrey P., Norbert L, Kerr, and John S. Carroll. 1990. "Pretrial Publicity, Judicial Remedies and Jury Bias." Law and Human Behavior 14:409-438.

Weiten, Wayne. 1980. "The Attraction-Leniency Effect in Jury Research: An Examination of External Validity." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 10:340-347.

Juvenile Justice

Bishop, Donna M. and Charles E. Frazier. 1996. "Race Effects in Juvenile Justice Decision-Making: Findings of a Statewide Analysis." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:392-413.

Blumstein, Alfred. 1995b. "Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.

Emerson, Robert M. 1969. Judging Delinquents: Context and Process in Juvenile Court. Chicago: Aldine.

Empey, LeMar T. 1973> "Juvenile Justice Reform: Diversion, Due Process and Deinstitutionaliztion." Pp. 13-48 in Prisoners in America, edited by Lloyd Ohlin Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Fagan, Jeffrey and Martin Guggenheim. 1996. "Preventive Detention and the Judicial Prediction of Dangerousness for Juveniles: A Natural Experiment." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 86: 415-446.

Feld, Barry. 1991a. "Justice by Geography: Urban, Suburban, and Rural Variations in Juvenile Justice Administration." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:156-210.

Finstad, liv. 1991a. "Justice by Geography: Urban, Suburban, and Rural Variations in Juvenile Justice Administration." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:156-210.

Greenwald, Helene B. 1983. "Eighth Amendment - Minors and the Death Penalty: Decision and Avoidance." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:1525-1552.

Hasenfeld, Yeheskel and Paul P. L. Cheung. 1985: "The Juvenile Court as a People-processing Organization." American Journal of Sociology 90:801.

Heilbroner, David. 1990. Rough Justice: Days and Nights of a Young D. A. New York: Dell Publishing.

Krisberg, Barry, Paul Litsky and Ira Schwartz. 1984. "Youth in Confinement: Justice by Geography." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 21:153-81.

Krisberg, Barry and Ira Schwartz. 1983. "Rethinking Juvenile Justice." Crime and Delinquency 29:333-364.

Krisberg, Barry, Ira Schwartz, Gideon Fishman, Zvi Eisikovits, Edna Guttman, and Karen Joe. 1987. "The Incarceration of Minority Youth." Crime and Delinquency 33:173-205.

Kurtz, P. David, Martha M. Giddings, and Richard Sutpehn. 1993. "A Prospective Investigation of Racial Disparity in the Juvenile Justice System." Juvenile and Family Court Journal :43-59.

Media and Public Opinion

Arons, Roy Stephen and Ethan Katsh. 1977. "How TV Cops Flout the Law." Saturday Review March 19:11-18.

Carroll, John S. et al. 1986. "Free Press and Fair Trial: The Role of Behavioral Research." Law and Human Behavior 10:187-201.

Christensen, Jon, Janet Schmidt, and Joel Henderson. 1982. "The Selling of the Police: Media, Ideology and Crime Control." Contemporary Crises 6:227-239.

Roberts, Julian V. 1992. "Public Opinion, Crime and Criminal Justice" Crime and Justice 16:99-180.

Taylor, D. Garth, Kim L. Scheppele, Arthur L. Stinchcombe. 1979. "Salience of Crime and Support for Harsher Criminal Sanctions." Social Problems 26:413-424.

Origins of Laws

Adler, Jeffrey S. 1989. "A Historical Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy." Criminology 27:209-229.

______. 1994. "The Dynamite, Wreckage, and Scum in Our Cities: The Social Construction of Deviance in Industrial America." Justice Quarterly 11:33-49.

Chambliss, William J. 1964. "A Sociological Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy." Social Problems 12:67-77.

______. 1976. "Functional and Conflict Theories of Crime: The Heritage of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx." Pp. 1-28 in Whose Law; What Order: A Conflict Approach to Criminology, edited by William J. Chambliss and Milton Mankoff. New York: Wiley.

______. 1979. "Contradictions and Conflicts in Law Creation." Research in Law and Sociology 2:3-27.

______. 1989. "State-Organized Crime." Criminology 27:183-208.

Foote, Caleb. 1956. "Vagrancy-type Law and its Administration." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 104:603-650.

Freedman, Estelle B. 1987. "`Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960." Journal of American History 74:83-106.

Galliher, John F. 1980. "The Study of the Social Origins of Criminal Law: An Inventory of Research Findings." Research in Law and Society 3:301-19.

Galliher, John F, and H. E, Pepinsky. 1978. "A Meta-Study of Social Origins of Substantive Criminal Law." Pp.27-38. in Crime Law and Sanctions: Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Marvin D. Krohn and Ronald l. Akers. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Grattet, T. Ryken. "Structural Contradictions and the Production of New Legal Instiutions: The Transformation of Industrial Accident Law Revisited." Pp. 404-420 in Making Law, edited by William J. Chambliss and Marjorie S. Zatz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Jacobs, James B. and Jessica S. Henry. 1996. "The Social Construction of a Hate Crime Epidemic." The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 86: 366-391.

Jenkins, Philip. 1988. "Myth and Murder: The Serial Killer Panic of 1983-5." Criminal Justice Research Bulletin

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______. 1994b. Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

McCarthy, John D., Mark Wolfson, David P. Baker, and Elaine Mosakowski. 1988. "The Founding of Social Movement Organizations: Local Citizens' Groups Opposing Drunken Driving." Pp. 71-82 in Ecological Models of Organizations, edited by Glenn R. Carroll. Cambridge: Ballinger.

Pittman, David J. 1974. "Decriminalization of Public Drunkenness Offense: An International Overview." Pp. 127-136 in Politics and Crime, edited by Sawyer Sylvester and Edward Sagarin. New York: Praeger.

Schwartz, Martin D. and Todd R. Clear. 1980. "Toward a New Law on Rape." Crime and Delinquency 26:129-151.

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Troyer, Ronald J. and Gerald E. Markle. 1983. Cigaretts: The Battle Over Smoking. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Plea Bargaining

Albonetti, Celesta A. 1986. "Criminality, Prosecutorial Screening, and Uncertainty: Toward a Theory of Discretionary Decision Making in Felony Case Processing." Criminology 24:623-44.

______. 1987. "Prosecutorial Discretion: The Effects of Uncertainty." Law and Society Review 21:291-313.

______. 1990. "Race and the Probability of Pleading Guilty."

Journal of Quantitative Criminology 6:315-334.

______. 1991. "An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial

Discretion." Social Problems 38:247-266.

______. 1992. "Charge Reduction: An Analysis of Prosecutorial Discretion in Burglary and Robbery Cases." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 8:317-333.

Bernstein, Ilene Nagal, Edward Kick, Jan T. Lehng and Barbara Schultz. 1977. "Charge Reduction: An Intermediary Stage in the Process of Labeling." Social Forces 56:362-84.

Blumberg, Abraham S. 1967. "The Practice of Law as a Confidence Game: Organization Cooptation of a Profession." Law and Society Review 1:15-39.

Casper, Jonathan D. 1971. "Did You Have a Lawyer When You Went to Court? No, I Had a Public Defender." Yale Review of Law and Social Action 1:4-9.

Feeley, Malcolm M. 1979. The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases In a Lower Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

______. 1986. "Bench Trials, Adversariness, and Plea Bargaining: A Comment on Schulhofer's Plan." Review of Law and Social Change 14:173-178.

Holmes, Malcom D., Howard C. Daudistel and William A. Taggart. 1992. "Plea Bargaining Policy and State District Court Caseloads: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis." Law and Society Review 26:139-159.

LaFree, Gary D. 1980a. "The Effect of Sexual Stratification by Race on Official Reactions to Rape." American Sociological Review 45:842-854.

______. 1980b. "Variables Affecting Guilty Pleas and Convictions in Rape Cases: Toward a Social Theory of Rape Processing." Social Forces 58:833-850.

______. 1985. "Adversarial and Nonadversarial Justice: A Comparison of Guilty Pleas and Trials." Criminology 23:289-312.

______. 1989. Rape and Criminal Justice: The Social Construction of Sexual Assault. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Langbein, John H. 1977. Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancient Regime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

______. 1978a. "Torture and Plea Bargaining." University of Chicago Law Review 46:3-22.

______. 1978b. "Continental Criminal Procedure: `Myth and Reality.'" Yale Law Journal 87:1549-1577.

______. 1979. "Understanding the Short History of Plea Bargaining. Law and Society Review 13:211-246.

Littrell, William B. 1979. Bureaucratic Justice: Police, Prosecutors and Plea Bargaining. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Maynard, Douglas W. 1982. "Defendant Attributes in Plea Bargaining: Notes on the Modeling of Sentencing Decisions." Social Problems 29:347-360.

______. 1984. Inside Plea Bargaining. New York: Plenum.

______. 1988. "Narratives and Narrative Structure in Plea Bargaining." Law and Society Review 22:101-33.

McCoy, Candace. 1984. "Determinate Sentencing, Plea Bargaining Bans, and Hydraulic Discretion in California." Justice System Journal 9:256-275.

McDonald, John. 1985. Plea Bargaining: Critical Issues and Current Practices. Washington: Department of Justice.

Padgett, John F. 1985. "The Emergent Organization of Plea Bargaining." American Journal of Sociology 90: 753-

Padgett, John F. 1990. "Plea Bargaining and Prohibition in the Federal Courts, 1908-1934." Law and Society Review 24:413-450.

Rosett, Arthur and Donald Cressey. 1976. Justice by Consent: Plea B

Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1986a. "Effective Assistance on the Assembly Line." Review of Law and Social Change 14:137-148.

______. 1986b. "The Future of the Adversary System." Justice Quarterly 3:83-93.

______. 1988. "Criminal Justice Discretion as a Regulatory System." Journal of Legal Studies 27:43-82.

Smith, Douglas. 1986. "The Plea Bargaining Controversy." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 77:949-967.

Sudnow, David. 1965. "Normal Crimes: Sociological Features of the Penal Code in a Public Defender's Office." Social Problems 12:255-76.

Police: General

Bailey, William G. 1989. Encyclopedia of Police Science. New York: Garland.

Bayley, David H. and Harold Mendelsohn. 1969. Minorities and

the Police. New York: Free Press.

Berk, Richard A., Alec Campbell, Ruth Klap, and Bruce Western. 1992. "The Deterrent Effect of Arrest: A Bayesian Analysis of Four Field Experiments." American Sociological Review 57:698-708.

Bijleveld, Catrien C. and Eric H. Monnkkonen. 1991. "The

Dynamics of Police Behavior: A Data Reanalysis." Historical Methods 24:16-24.

Bittner, Egon. 1974. "Florence Nightingale in Pursuit of Willie Sutton: A Theory of the Police." Pp. 17-44 in The Potential for Reform of Criminal Justice, edited by Jacob Hubert. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Bittner, Egon. 1991. "The Functions of Police in Modern Society." Pp. 35-51 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Black, Donald J. 1980. The Manners and Customs of the Police.

New York: Academic Press.

Black, Donald J. and Albert J. Reiss. 1970. "Police Control of Juveniles." American Sociological Review 35:63-77.

Cain, Maureen. 1979. "Trends in the Sociology of Police Work." International Journal of Sociology 7:143-167.

Chaiken, Jan M. 1978. "What Is Known About Deterrent Effects of Police Activities." Pp. 109-135 in Preventing Crime, edited by James A. Cramer. Beverley Hills: Sage.

Crank, John P. 1994. "Watchman and Community: Myth and Institutionalization in Policing." Law and Society Review 28:325-352.

Cretney, Antonia, Gwynn Davis, Chris Clarkson, and Jon Sheperd. 1994. "Criminalizing Assault: The Failure of the `Offence Against Society' Model." Criminology 34:15-29.

Feeley, Malcolm M. and Mark H. Lazerson. 1983. "Police-Prosecutor Relationships: An Interorganizational Perspective. Pp. 216-243 in Empirical Theories About Courts, edited by Keith O. Boyum and Lynn Mather. New York: Longman.

Friedman, Joseph, Simon Hakim and Uriel Spiegel. 1989. "The Difference Between Short and Long Run Effects of Police Outlays on Crime: Policing Deters Criminals Initially, but Later They May `Learn by Doing'". American Journal of Economics and Sociology 48:177-191.

Goldstein, Herman. 1990. Problem-Oriented Policing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

______. 1993. "The New Policing: Confronting Complexity." Unpublished manuscript.

Guyot, Dorothy. 1979. "Bending Granite: Attempts to Change the Rank Structure of American Police Departments." Journal of Police Science and Administration 7:253-284.

Harring, Sid. 1981. "Talorization of Police Work: Prospects for the 1980s." Insurgent Sociologist 10/11:25-32.

Hunt, Jennifer. 1984. "The Development of Rapport through the Negotiation of Gender in Field Work among Police." Human Organization 43:283-296.

Hussenstamm, F. K. 1975. "Bumper Stickers and the Cops." Pp. 251-255 in Examining Deviance Experimentally: Selected Readings, edited by Darrell J. Steffensmeier and Robert T. Murphy. Port Washington, NY: Alfred.

Jackson, Pamela I. 1992. "Minority Group Threat, Social Context, and Policing." Pp. in Social Threat and Social Control, edited by Alan Liska. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Jacob, Herbert and Michael J. Rich. 1980-81. "The Effects of Police on Crime: A Second Look." Law and Society Review 15:109-22.

Jacobs, David. 1979. "Inequality and Police Strength: Conflict Theory and Coercive Control in Metropolitan Areas." American Sociological Review 44:913-925.

King, Michael. 1991. "The Political Construction of Crime Prevention: A Contrast Between the French and British Experience." Pp. 87-108 in The Politics of Crime Control, edited by Kevin Stenson and David Cowell. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kleck, Gary. 1988. "Crime Control through the Private Use of Armed Force." Social Problems 35:1-12.

Kohfeld, Carol W. 1990. "Demography, Police Behavior and Deterrence." Criminology 28:111-136.

Leo, Richard A. 1994. "Police Interrogation and Social Control." Social and Legal Studies 3:93-120.

Leo, Richard A. 1996. "Inside the Interrogation Room." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:266-303.

Levine, James P. 1975. "The Ineffectiveness of Adding Police to Prevent Crime." Public Policy 23:523-545.

Lewis, William G. 1989. "Toward Representative Bureaucracy: Blacks in City Police Organizations, 1975-1985." Public Administration Review 49:257-268.

Loader, Ian. 1994. "Democracy, Justice and the Limits of Policing: Rethinking Police Accountability." Social and Legal Studies 3:521-544.

Lowman, John. 1992. "Street Prostitution Control: Some Canadian Reflections on the Finsbury Park Experience." British Journal of Criminology 32:1-17

Lundman, Richard J., Richard E. Sykes, and John P. Clark. 1978. "Police Control of Juveniles: A Replication." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 15:74-91.

Maniha, John K. 1975. "Universalism and Particularism in Bureaucratizing Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 20:177-190.

Manning, Peter K. 1987. "Ironies of Compliance." Pp. 293-316 in Private Policing, edited by Clifford D. Shearing and Philip C. Stenning. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

______. 1991. "Community Policing as a Drama of Control." Pp. 27-45 in Community Policing, edited by Jack R. Greene and Stephen D. Mastrofski. New York: Praeger.

______. 1992. "Technological Dramas and the Police: Statement and Counterstatement in Organizational Analysis." Criminology 30:327-46.

______. 1993. "The Preventive Conceit: The Black Box in Market Context." American Behavioral Scientists 36:639-650.

Manning, Peter K. and Lawrence J. Redlinger. "Invitational Edges." Pp. 398-412 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Marenin, Otwin. 1990. "The Police and the Coercive Nature of the State." Pp.115-130 in Changes in the State edited by Edward S. Greenberg and Thomas F. Mayer. Newbury Park: Sage.

Martin, Susan E. 1986. "Policing Career Criminals: An Examination of an Innovative Crime Control Program." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 77:1159-1182.

McDowall, David, Alan Lizotte and Brian Wiersema. 1991. "General Deterrence Through Civilian Gun Ownership: An Evaluation of the Quasi-Experimental Evidence." Criminology 29:541-60.

Miethe, Terance D. 1991. "Citizen-based Crime Control Activity and Victimization Risks: An Examination of Displacement and Free-Rider Effects." Criminology 29:419-439.

Miyazawa, Setsuo. 1989. "Scandal and Hard Reform: Implications of a Wiretapping Case to the Control of Organizational Police Crimes in Japan." Kobe University Law Review 23:13-27.

______.1992. Policing in Japan. Albany: SUNY Press.

Mooney, Linda A. and Clara-Marie Fewell. 1989. "Crime in One Long-Lived Comic Strip: An Evaluation of Chester Gould's `Dick Tracy'" American Journal of Economics and Sociology 48:89-100.

Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. 1991. "The Preventive Effects of the Perceived Risk of Arrest: Testing an Expanded Conception of Deterrence." Criminology 29:561-

Pate, Anthony M. and Edwin F. Hamilton. 1992. "Formal and Informal Deterrents: Dade County Experiment." American Sociological Review 57:691-697.

Pfuhl, Edwin H., Jr. 1983. "Police Strikes and Conventional Crime: A Look at the Data." Criminology 21:489-503.

Piliavin, Irving and Scott Briar. 1964. "Police Encounters With Juveniles." American Journal of Sociology 70:206-14.

Reiss, Albert J., Jr. "The Legitimacy of Intrusion into Private Space." Pp. 293-316 in Private Policing, edited by Clifford D. Shearing and Philip C. Stenning. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Reuter, Peter. 1984. "Police Regulation of Illegal Gambling: Frustration of Symbolic Enforcement." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 474:36-47.

Roncek, Dennis W. and Pamela A. Maier. 1991. "Bars, Blocks and Crimes Revisited: Linking the Theory of Routine Activities to the Empiricism of `Hot Spots'". Criminology 29:725-753.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P., Arthur L. Lurigio and Paul J. Lavrakas. 1986. "Crime Stoppers: A National Evaluation." Research in Brief. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Justice.

Ross, H. Lawrence. 1992. "The Law and Drunk Driving." Law and Society Review 26:219-230.

Rubinstein, Jonathan. 1973. City Police. New York: Farrar,

Straus and Giroux.

Sacks, Harvey. 1972. "Notes on Police Assessment of Moral Character." Pp.280-293 in Studies in Social Interaction, edited by David Sudnow. New York: Free Press.

Sampson, Robert J. and Jaqueline Cohen. 1988. "Deterrent Effects of the Police on Crime: A Replication and Theoretical Extension." Law and Society Review 22:163-189.

Shearing, Clifford D. 1981. "Deviance and Conformity in the Reproduction of Order." Pp.29-47 in Organizational Police Deviance, edited by Clifford D. Shearing. Toronto: Butterworths.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1980a. "Causes of Police Behavior: The Current State of Quantitative Research." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 17:69-100.

_____. 1990. "Police Crackdown: Initial and Residual Deterrence." Crime and Justice 12:

_____. 1992. "Attacking Crime: Police and Crime Control." Crime and Justice 15:159-230.

_____. et al. 1991. "From Initial Deterrence to Longterm Escalation: Short-Custody Arrest for Poverty Ghetto Domestic Violence." Criminology 29:821-49.

Sherman, Lawrence W., Patrick R. Gartin, and Michael E. Buerger. 1989. "Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place." Criminology 27: 27-55.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and Dennis P. Rogan. 1995. Gun Violence: `Hot Spots' Patrol In Kansas City. Justice Quarterly 12:673-694.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and Douglas A. Smith. 1992. "Crime, Punishment, and Stake In Conformity: Milwaukee and Omaha Experiments." American Sociological Review 57:680-690.

Sherman, Lawrence W., Leslie Steele, Deborah Laufersweiler, Nancy Hoffer, and Sherry Julian. 1989. "Stray Bullets and `Mushrooms': Random Shootings of Bystanders in Four Cities, 1977-1988." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 5:297-316.

Simon, David.1991. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. New York: Fawcett.

Skolnick, Jerome H. and Kavid H. Bayley. 1991. "The New Blue Line." Pp. 494-503 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Smith, Douglas A. 1984. "The Organizational Context of Legal Control." Criminology 22:19-38.

Smith, Douglas A. and Patrick R. Gartin. 1989. "Specifying Specific Deterrence: The Influence of Arrest on Future Criminal Activity." American Sociological Review 54:94-14-106.

Smith, Douglas A. and Jody R. Klein. 1984, "Police Control of Interpersonal Disputes." Social Problems 31:459-467.

Snyder, Jeffre R. 1993. "A Nation of Cowards." Public Interest 113:40-55.

Steinhoff, Patricai G. 1993. "Pursuing the Japanese Police." Law and Society Review 27:827-850.

Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1963. "Institutions of Privacy in the Determination of Police Administrative Practice." American Journal of Sociology 69:150-60.

Sutton, L. Paul. 1991. "Getting Around the Fourth Amendment." Pp. 433-445 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Uchida, Craig and Timothy S. Bynum. 1991. "Search Warrants, Motions to Suppress and `Lost Cases:' The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule in Seven Jurisdictions." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81:1034-1066.

Watts, Eugene J. 1983. "Police Response to Crime and Disorder in Twentieth Century St. Louis." Journal of American History 70:340-357.

Weisburd, David. 1988. "Vigilantism as Community Social Control: Developing a Quantitative Criminological Model." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4:137-153.

Williams, Hubert and Patrick V. Murphyphy. 1990. "The Evolving Strategy of Police: A Minority View." Perspectives on Policing 13:1-15.

Wilson, James Q. 1968a. "The Police and the Delinquent in Two Cities." Pp. 9-30 in Controlling Delinquents, edited by Stanton Wheeler. New York: Wiley.

______. 1968b. Varieties of Police Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

______. 1980. "What Can the Police Do About Violence?" Annals, AAPSS 452:13-21.

Wilson, James Q. and Barbara Boland. 1978. "The Effect of Police on Crime." Law and Society Review 12:367-

______. 1981-2. "The Effects of Police on Crime: A Response to Jacob and Rich." Law and Society Review 16:163-169

Community Policing

Bennett, Susan F. and Paul J. Lavrakas. 1989. "Community-Based Crime Prevention: An Assessment of the Eisenhower Foundation's Neighborhood Program." Crime and Delinquency 35:345-364.

Bennett, Trevor. 1989. "Factors Related to Participation in Neighborhood Watch Schemes." British Journal of Criminology 29:207-218.

Capowich, George E. and Janice A. Roehl. 1994. "Problem-Oriented Policing Actions and Effectiveness in San Diego." Pp.127-146 in The Challenge of Community Policing Testing the Promises. Edited by Dennis P. Rosenbaum Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Crawford, Adam. 1994. "The Partnership Approach to Community Crime Prevention: Corporatism at the Local Level?" Social and Legal Studies 3:497-519.

Darian-Smith, Eve. 1993. "Neighborhood Watch: Who Watches Whom?: Reinterpreting the Concept of Neighborhood." Human Organization 52:83-88.

DeWitt, Charles B. 1992. "Community Policing in Seattle." Research in Brief. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Justice.

Dunne, John G. 1991. "Law and Disorder in Los Angeles." New York Review of Books. October 10 & 24.

Eck, John E. 1995. "Crime and Its Social Context." Justice Quarterly 12:783-797.

Fisher, Bonnie. 1993. "Community Responses to Crime and Fear of Crime." Pp. 177-207 in The Socio-economics of Crime and Justice. Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe.

Garofalo, James and Maureen McLeod. 1989. "The Structure and Operations of Neighborhood Watch Programs in the United States." Crimea nd Delinquency 35:326-344.

Grant, Jane A., Dan A. Lewis, and Dennis P. Rosenbaum. 1988. "Political Benefits of Program Participation: The Case of Community Policing." Journal of Urban Affairs 10:373-385.

Kennedy, Daniel B., Robert J. Homant, and John F. Kennedy. 1992. "A Comparative Analysis of Police Vehicle Pursuit Policies." Justice Quarterly 9:227-245.

Lavrakas, Paul J. and Elicia J. Herz. 1982. "Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Crime Prevention." Criminology 20:479- 498.

Lindsay, Betsy and Daniel McGillis. 1986. "Citywide Community Crime Prevention: An Assessment of the Seattle Program." Pp. 46-67 in Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?, edited by Dennis P. Rosenbaum. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Lurigio, Arthur J. and Dennis P. Rosenbaum. 1986. "Evaluation Research in Community Crime Prevention: A Critical Look at the Field." Pp. 19-44 in Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?, edited by Dennis P. Rosenbaum. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Marx, Gary. 1990. "Some Trends and Issues in Citizen Involvement in the Law Enforcement Process." Crime and Delinquency 35:500-519.

Mastrofski, Stephen D., Robert E. Worden, and Jeffrey B. Snipes. 1995. "Law Enforcement In A Time of Community Policing." Criminology 33:539-564.

Packer, Herbert L. 1969. "The Police and the Community." Stanford Law Review 22:1314-1317.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P. 1987. "The Theory and Research Behind Neighborhood Watch: Is It a Sound Fear and Crime Reduction Strategy?" Crime and Delinquency 33:103-134.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P., Dan A. Lewis and Jane A. Grant. 1986. "Neighborhood-based Crime Prevention: Assessing the Efficacy of Community Organizing in Chicago." Pp. 109-133 in Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?, edited by Dennis P. Rosenbaum. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Shaw, James W. 1995. "Community Policing Against Guns: Public Opinion of the Kansas City Gun Experiment." Justice Quarterly 12:695-710.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1986. "Policing Communities: What Works?" Crime and Justice 8:343-386.

Skogan, Wesley G. 1989. "Communities, Crime, and Neighborhood Organization." Crime and Delinquency 35:437-457.

Smith, Douglas A. 1986. "The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior." Crime and Justice 8:313-341.

Sparrow, Malcolm K. 1988. "Implementing Community Policing." Perspectives on Policing 9:1-9.

Thurman, Quint C., Andrew Biacomazzi, and Phil Bogen. 1993. "Cops, Kids and Community Policing: An Assessment fo a Community Policing Demonstration Project." Crime and Delinquency 39:554-564.

Corruption

Brown, Richard M. 1991. "Vigilante Policing." Pp. 52-57 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Hunt, Jennifer and Peter K. Manning. 1991. "The Social Context of Police Lying." Symbolic Interaction 14:51-70.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1978. Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.

DARE

Aniskiewicz, Rick and Earl Wysong. 1990. "Evaluating DARE: Drug Education and the Multiple Meanings of Success." Policy Studies Review 9:727-747.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P. et al. 1994. "Cops in the Classroom: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:3-31.

Deadly Force

Binder, Arnold and Lorie Fridell. 1984. "Lethal Force as a Police

Response." Criminal Justice Abstracts 16:250-280.

Blumberg, Mark. 1993. "Controlling Police Use of Deadly Force: Assessing Two Decades of Progress." Pp. 469-492 in Critical Issues in Policing., edited by Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Alpert. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Cullen, Francis T., Liqun Cao, James Frank, Robert H. Langworthy, Sandra Lee Browning, Renee Kopache, and Thomas J. Stevenson. 1996. ""Stop or I'll Shoot": Racial Differences in Support for Police Use of Deadly Force." American Behavioral Scientist 39:449-460.

Epstein, Jayson. 1971. "The Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" New Yorker 46:45-77.

Geller, William A. 1982. "Deadly Force: What We Know." Journal of Police Science and Administration. 10:151-77.

Geller, William A. and Michael S. Scott. 1992. Deadly Force: What We Know - A Practitioner's Desk Reference on Police-Involved Shootings. Washington, D. C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Jacobs, David and David Britt. 1979. "Inequality and Police Use of Deadly Force." Social Problems 26:403-412.

Mays, C. Larry and William A. Taggart. 1985. "Deadly Force as a Policy Problem in Local Law Enforcement: Do Administrative Practices Make a Difference." Policy Studies Review 5:309-318.

Nielsen, Eric 1983. "Policy on the Police Use of Deadly Force: A Cross-sectional Analysis." Journal of Police Science and Administration 11:104-108.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1980b. "Execution Without Trial: Police Homicide and the Constitution." Vanderbilt Law Review 33:71-100.

_____. 1983. "Reducing Police Gun Use: Critical Events, Administrative Policy, and Organizational Change." Pp. 98-125 in Control in the Police Organization, edited by

Maurice Punch. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and Ellen G. Bohr. 1986. Citizens Killed by Big City Police, 1970-1984. Washington DC: Crime Control Institute.

Sorensen, Jonathan R., James W. Marquart and Deon E. Brock. 1993. "Factors Related to Killings of Felons by Police Officers: A Test of the Community Violence and Conflict Hypotheses." Justice Quarterly 10:417-440.

Tennenbaum, Abraham N. 1984. "The Influence of the Garner Decision on Police Use of Deadly Force." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 85:241-260.

Waegel, William B. 1984a. "How Police Justify the Use of Deadly Force." Social Problems 32:144-155.

______. 1984b. "The Use of Lethal Force by Police: The Effect of Statutory Change." Crime and Delinquency 30:121-140.

Discretion

Hagan, John and C. Peter Morden. 1981. "The Police Decision to Detain: A Study of Legal Labelling and Police Deviance." Pp. 9-28 in Organizational Police Deviance, edited by Clifford D. Shearing. Toronto: Butterworths.

Klinger David A. 1994. "Demeanor or Crime?: Why `Hostile' Citizens are More Likely to be Arrested." Criminology 32:475-493.

Mastrofski, Stephen D., R. Richard Ritti, and Debra Hoffmaster. "Organizational Determinants of Police Discretion: The Case of Drinking-Driving." Pp. 364-377 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1984. "Experiments in Police Discretion: Scientific Boon or Dangerous Knowledge?" Law and Contemporary Problems 46:61-81.

Smith, Douglas A., Christy A. Visher, and Laura A. Davidson. 1984. "Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:234-249.

Visher, Christy A. 1983. "Gender, Police Arrest Decision, and Notions of Chivalry." Criminology 21:5-27.

Domestic Violence

Berk, Richard A. and Lawrence W. Sherman. 1988. "Police Responses to Family Violence Incidents: An Analysis of an Experimental Design with Incomplete Randomization." Journal of the American Statistical Association 83:70-76.

Berk, Richard A., Gordon K. Smith and Lawrence W. Sherman. 1989. "When Random Assignment Fails: Some Lessons from the Minneapolis Spouse Abuse Experiment." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4:209-223.

Berk, Sarah F. and Donileen R. Loseke. 1980-81. "`Handling' Family Violence: Situational Determinants of Police Arrest in Domestic Disturbances." Law and Society Review 15:317-346.

Buzawa, Eve S. and Carl G. Buzawa. 1993. "The Impact of Arrest on Domestic Violence." American Behavioral Scientists 36:558-574.

Buzawa, Eve S. and Thomas Austin. 1993. "Determining Police Response to Domestic Violence Victims." American Behavioral Scientist 36:610-623.

Davis, Phillip. 1983. "Restoring the Semblance of Order: Police Strategies in the Domestic Disturbance." Symbolic Interaction 6:261-278.

Dunford, Franklin, David Huizinga, and Delbert Elliot. 1990. "The Role of Arrest in Domestic Assault: The Omaha Police Experiment." Criminology 28:183-206.

Ferraro, Kathleen J. 1989. "Policing Woman Battering." Social Problems 36:61-74.

Garner, Joel and Elizabeth Clemmer. 1986. "Danger to Police in Domestic Disturbances: A New Look." Research in Brief Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Justice.

Hirschel, J. David et al. 1992. "Review Essay on the Law Enforcement Response to Spouse Abuse." Justice Quarterly 9:247-283.

Hirschel, J. David, Charles W. Ean, and Richard C. Lumb. 1994. "The Relative Contribution of Domestic Violence to Assault and Injury of Police Officers." Justice Quarterly 11: 99-117.

Muir, William K, Jr. 1991. "The Family Beef." Pp. 316-327 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Radford, Jill and Elizabeth A. Stanko. 1991. "Violence Against Women and Children: The Contradictions of Crime Control Under Patriarchy. Pp. 186-202 in The Politics of Crime Control, edited by Kevin Stenson and David Cowell. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and Ellen C. Cohn. 1989. "The Impact of Research on Legal Policy: The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment." Law and Society Review 23:117-27.

Sherman, Lawrence W., Janell D. Schmidt and Dennis P. Rogan. 1992. Policing Domestic Violence: Experiments and Dilemmas. New York: Free Press.

Stark, Evan. 1993. "Mandatory Arrest of Batterers: A Reply to Its Critics." American Behavioral Scientist 36:651-680.

Williams, Kirk R. and R. Hawkins. 1989. "The Meaning of Arrest for Wife Assault." Criminology 27:163-175.

Williams, Kirk R. and R. Hawkins. 1992. "Wife Assault, Costs of Arrests and the Deterrent Process." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:292-310.

Expenditure and Size

Bordua, David and E. Haurek. 1971. "The Police Budget's Lot: Components of the Increase in Local Police Expenditures, 1902-1960." Pp. 57-70 in The Police in Urban Society, edited by Harlan Hahn. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Chamlin, Mitchell B. 1989. "A Macro Social Analysis of Change in Police Force Size, 1972-1982.: Controlling for Static and Dynamic Influences." Sociological Quarterly 30:615-624.

Chamlin, Mitchell B. 1990. "Determinants of Police Expenditure in Chicago, 1904-1958." Sociological Quarterly 31:485-494.

Jackson, Pamela and Leo Carroll. 1981. "Race and the War on Crime: The Sociopolitical Determinants of Municipal Police Expenditures in 90 Non-southern U. S. Cities." American Sociological Review 46:290-305.

Land, Kenneth C. and Marcus Felson. 1976. "A General Framework for Building Dynamic Macro Social Indicator Models: Including an Analysis of Changes in Crime Rates and Police Expenditures." American Journal of Sociology 82:565-604.

Brogden, Mike. 1981. "`All Police Is Conning Bastards'": Policing and the Problem of Consent." P.202-228 in Law, State and Society. Edited by Bob Fryer et al. London: Croom Helm.

Canon, Bradley C. 1977. "Testing the Effectiveness of Civil Liberties at the State and Federal Levels: The Case of the Exclusionary Rule." American Politics Quarterly 5:57-82.

History

Bayley, David H. 1975. "The Police and Political Development in Europe." Pp.328-379 in The Formation of National States in Western Europe. edited by Charles Tilly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bright, John. 1991. "Crime Prevention: The British Experience." Pp. 62-86 in The Politics of Crime Control, edited by Kevin Stenson and David Cowell. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Brown, M. Craig, and Barbar D. Warner. 1992. "Immigrants, Urban Policy, and Policing in 1900." American Sociological Review 57:293-305.

Haller, Mark H. 1991. "Chicago Cops, 1880-1925." Pp. 88-100 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Miller, Wilbur R. 1991. "Cops and Bobbies, 1830-1870." Pp. 73-87 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

Robinson, Cyril D. and Richard Scaglion. 1986. "The Origin and Evolution of the Police Function in Society: Notes Toward a Theory." Law and Society Review 21:109-153.

Investigation

Ericson, Richard V. Making Crime: A Study of Detective Work. Toronto: Butterworths.

Waegel, William B. 1981. "Case Routinization in Investigative Police Work." Social Problems 28:263-275.

Patrol

Bayley, David H. 1986. "The Tactical Choices of Police Patrol Officers. Journal of Criminal Justice 14:329-348.

Koper, Christopher S. 1995. "Just Enough Police Presence: Reducing Crime and Disorderly Behavior By Optimizing Patrol Time In Crime Hot Spots." Justice Quarterly 12: 649-672.

Larson, Richard C. 1975. "What Happened to Patrol Operations in Kansas City?: A Review of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?" Journal of Criminal Justice 3:267-297.

Meagher, M. Steven. 1985. "Police Patrol Styles: How Pervasive is Community Variation?" Journal of Police Science and Administration 13:36-45.

Pate, Anthony M. 1986. "Experimenting with Foot Patrol: The Newark Experience." Pp. 137-156 in Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?, edited by Dennis P. Rosenbaum. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Pate, Anthony M., George Kelling, and Charles Brown. "A Response to `What Happened to Patrol Operations in Kansas City?'" Journal of Criminal Justice 3:299-320.

Risman, Barbara J. 1980. "The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Continuing Debate." Evaluation Review 4:802-808.

Sherman, Larence W., and David Weisburd. 1995. "General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime `Hot Spots': A Randomized, Controlled Trial." Justice Quarterly 12:623-648.

Walsh, William F. 1991. "Patrol Officer Arrest Rates: A Stuky of the Social Organization of Police Work." Pp.352-363 in Thinking About Police Contemporary Readings, edited by Phillip A. Butcher and Lori Pearson. New York: McGraw-Hill

Private Policing

Davis, Melissa G., Richard J. Lundman and Ramiro Martinez, Jr. 1991. "Private Corporate Justice: Store Police, Shoplifters, and Civil Recovery." Social Problems 38:395-411.

Henry, Stuart. 1987. "Private Justice and the Policing of Labor: The Dialectics of Industrial Discipline." Pp. 45-71 in Private Policing, edited by Clifford D. Shearing and Philip C. Stenning. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Shearing, Clifford D.. 1992. "The Relation between Public and Private Policing." Crime and Justice 15:399-434.

Undercover

Hamilton, Henry and John O. Smykla. 1994. "Guidelines for Police Undercover Work: New Questions About Accreditation and the Emphasis of Procedure over Authorization." Justice Quarterly 11:135-151.

Jacobs, Bruce. 1993. "Undercover Deception Clues: A Case of Restrictive Deterrence." Criminology 31:281-299.

Langworthy, Robert. 1989. "Do Stings Control Crime?: An Evaluation of a Police Fencing Operation." Justice Quarterly 6:27-48.

Marx, Gary. 1988. Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Miller, George I. 1987. "Observations on Police Undercover Work." Criminology 25:27-46.

Violence

Bayley, David H. and James Garafalo. 1989. "The Management of Violence by Police Patrol Officers." Criminology 27:1-25.

Fyfe, James J. 1986. "The Split-Second Syndrome and Other Determinants of Police Violence." Pp. in Violent Transactions, edited by Campbell and John Gibbs. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Manning, Peter K. 1980. "Violence and the Police Role." Annals 452:135-44.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1980. "Perspectives on Police and Violence." Annals, AAPSS 452:1-12.

Skolnick, Jerome H. and James J. Fyfe. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York: Free Press.

Privacy

Caplan, Gary S. 1986. "Fourteenth Amendment -- The Supreme Court Limits the Right to Privacy." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 77:894-930.

Carroll, John S. et al. 1986. "Free Press and Fair Trial: The Role of Behavioral Research." Law and Human Behavior 10:187-201.

Klein, Sandra S. 1992. "Your Right to Privacy." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 12:217-231.

Lombardo, Paul A. 1986. "Three Generations, No Imbeciles: New Light on Buck v. Bell." New York University Law Review 60:30-62.

Nice, David C. 1988a. "State Deregulation of Intimate Behavior." Social Science Quarterly 69:203-11.

Richards, David A. 1988. "Liberalism, Public Morality, and the Constitutional Right to Privacy." Law and Contemporary Problems 51:123-150.

Prosecutors

Albonetti, Celesta A., Robert M. Hauser, John Hagan and Ilene Nagel. 1989. "Criminal Justice Decision Making as a Stratification Process: The Role of Race and Stratification Resources in Pre-trial Release." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 5:57-82.

Doyle, James M. 1992. "`It's the third World Down There': The Colonialist Vocation and American Criminal Justice." Harvard Criminal Rights--Civil Liberties Law Review 27:71-126.

Fisher, David. 1993. "Fifth Amendment: Prosecutorial Discretion Not Absolute." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:744-772.

Goldkamp, John S. 1983. "Questioning the Practice of Pretrial Detention: Some Empirical Evidence from Philadelphia." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:1556-1588.

Kruttschnitt, Candace and Daniel McCarthy. 1985. "Familial Social Control and Pretrial Sanctions: Does Sex Really Matter?" The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 76:151-175.

Loh, Wallace D. 1980. "The Impact of Common Law and Reform Rape Statutes on Prosecution: An Empirical Study." Washington Law Review 55:543-625.

Myers, Martha A. and Gary D. LaFree. 1982. "Sexual Assault and Its Prosecution: A Comparison with Other Crimes." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:1282-1305.

Nagel, Ilene H. 1983. "The Legal/Extra-legal Controversy: Judicial Decisions in Pretrial Release." Law and Society Review 17:481-515.

Stanko, Elizabeth A. 1981-82. "The Impact of Victim Assessment on Prosecutors' Screening Decisions: The Case of the New York County District Attorney's Office." Law and Society Review 16:225-239.

Worden, Alissa P. 1990. "Policymaking by Prosecutors: The Uses of Discretion in Regulating Plea Bargaining." Judicature 73:335-340.

Search and Seizure (4th Amendment)

Berry, Sean R. 1986. "Fourth Amendment: The Constitutionality of Warrantless Aerial Surveillance." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 77:602-645.

Hendrie, Edward M. 1996. "Searching Locked Containers Incident to Arrest." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 26-32.

MacIntosh, Susanne M. 1994. "Fourth Amendment - The Plain Touch Exception to the Warrant Requirement." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 84:743-768.

Uchida, Craig, Timothy S. Bynum, Dennis Rogan, Donna Murasky. 1988. "Acting in Good Faith: The Effects of United States v. Leon on the Police and Courts." Arizona Law Review 30:467-495.

Katz, Michael. 1966. "The Supreme Court and the States: An Inquiry into Mapp v. Ohio in North Carolina." University of North Carolina Law Review 45:119-51.

Sentencing

Albanese, Jay S. 1984. "Concern About Variation in Criminal Sentences: A Cyclical History of Reform." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:260-271.

Albonetti, Celesta A. 1986. "Criminality, Prosecutorial, Screening, and Uncertainty: Toward a Theory of Discretionary Decision Making in Felony Case Processing." Criminology 24:623-44.

Albonetti, Celesta A. 1991. "An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion." Social Problems 38:247-266.

Albrecht, Hans-Joerge. 1991. "Fines in the Criminal Justice System." Pp. 150-169 in Developments in Crime and Crime Control Research, edited by Klau Sessar and Han-Juergen Kerner. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Ashworth, Andrew J. 1994. "Sentencing Reform Structures." Crime and Justice 16:181-241.

Austin, James. 1986. "Using Early Release to Relieve Prison Crowding: A Dilemma in Public Policy." Crime and Delinquency 32:404-502.

Austin, James and Barry Krisberg. 1981. "Wider, Stronger and Different Nets: The Dialectics of Criminal Justice Reform." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18:165-96.

_____. and ____. 1982. "The unmet Promise of Alternatives to Incarceration." Crime and Delinquency 28:374-409.

_____. and _____. 1985. "Incarceration in the United States: The Extent and Future of the Problem." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 478:15-30.

Blumstein, Alfred. 1982. "On the Racial Disproportionality of United States' Prison Populations." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:1259-81.

Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen and H. Miller. 1980. "Demographically Disaggregated Projections of Prison Populations." Journal of Criminal Justice 8:1-26.

Braithwaite, John. 1982b. "Paradoxes of Class Bias in Criminological Research." Pp. 61-84 in Rethinking Criminology, edited by Harold E. Pepinsky. Beverly Hills" Sage.

Bridges, George S. and Gina Baretta. 1994. "Gender, Race, and Social Control: Toward and Understanding of Sex Disparities in Imprisonment." Pp. 158-175 in Inequality, Crime and Social Control, edited by George S. Bridges and Martha A. Myers. Boulder: Westview Press.

Brooks, Thomas D. 1994. "First Amendment - Penalty Enhancement for Hate Crimes: Content Regulation, Questionable State Interests and Non-traditional Sentencing." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 84:703-742.

Butler, Paul. 1995. "Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System." Yale Law Journal 105:677-725.

Burton, Velmer S. Jr., Francis T. Cullen, and Lawrence F. Travis III. 1987. "The Collateral Consequences of a Felony Conviction: A National Study of State Statutes." Federal Probation 51:52-60.

Carter. Stephen L. 1988. "When Victims Happen to be Black." Yale Law Journal 97:420-447.

Casper, Jonathan D. 1984. "Determinate Sentencing and Prison Crowding in Illinois." University of Illinois Law Review 1984:231-252.

Cromwell, Paul F., Jr., George G. Killinger, Hazel B. Kerper and Charles Walker. 1985. Probation and Parole in the Criminal Justice System. St. Paul: West Publishing.

Cullen, Francis T., Karen E. Gilbert, and Johen B. Cullen. 1990. "Implementing Determinate Sentencing in Illinois: Conscience and Convenience." Criminal Justice Review 8:1-16.

Dailey, Debra L. 1993. "Prison and Race in Minnesota." University of Colorado Law Review 64:761-80.

D'Alessio, Stewart J. and Lisa Stolzenberg. 1993. "socioeconomic Status and the Sentencing of the Traditional Offender." Journal of Criminal Justice 21:61-77.

_____. and _____. 1995a. "Unemployment and Incarceration of Pretrial Defendants." American Sociological Review 60:350-359.

Dannefer, Dale and Russell K. Schutt. 1982. "Race and Juvenile Justice Processing in Court and Police Agencies." American Journal of Sociology 87:1113-1132.

Edwards, Anne R. "Sex/Gender, Sexism and Criminal Justice: Some Theoretical Considerations." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 17:165-184.

Eisenstein, James and Herbert Jacob. 1977. Felony Justice. Boston: Little Brown.

Eisenstein, James, Roy B. Fleming, and Peter F. Nardulli. 1988. The Contours of Justice: Communities and their Courts. Boston: Little Brown.

Ericson, Rechard V. 1985. "Legal Inequality." Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7:33-78.

_____. 1991. "Mass Media, Crime Law, and Justice." British Journal of Criminology 31:219-249.

Estrich, Susan. 1992. "Palm Beach Stories." Law and Philosophy 11:5-33.

Farnworth, Margaret and Patrick M. Horan. 1980. "Separate Justice: An Analysis of Race Differences in Court Processes." Social Science Research 9:381-99.

Farrell, Ronald A. and Victoria L. Swigert. 1978a. "Prior Offense Record as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy." Law and Society Review 12:437-453.

_____. and ____. 1978b. "Legal Disposition on Inter-group and Intra-group Homicides." Sociological Quarterly 19:565-76.

Freiberg, Arie. 1987. "Reconceptualizing Sanctions." Criminology 25:223-255.

Goodstein, Lynne and John Hepburn. 1985. Determinate Sentencing and Imprisonment: A Failure of Reform. Cincinnati: Anderson.

Green, Edward. 1964. "Inter- and Intra-racial Crime Relative to Sentencing." Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 55:348-58.

Hamilton, V. Lee and Steve Rytina. 1980 "Social Consensus on Norms of Justice: Should the Punishment Fit the Crime?" American Journal of Sociology 85:1117-44.

Hepburn, John and Lynne Goodstien. 1986. "Organizational Imperatives and Sentencing Reform Implementation: The Impact of Prison Practices and Priorities on the Attainment of the Objective of Determinate Sentencing." Crime and Delinquency 32;339-365.

Hindelang, Michael B. 1969. "Equality Under the Law." Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 60:306-313.

Horan, Patrick M., Martha A Myers and Margaret Farnworth. 1982. "Prior Record and Court Processes: The Role of Latent Theory in Criminology Research." Sociology and Sociological Research 67:40-58.

Jacobs, David and Michael Fuller. 1986. "The Social Construction of Drunken Driving: Modeling the Organizational Processing of DWI Defendants." Social Science Quarterly 67:785-802.

Kennedy, Randall L. 1988. "McCleskey v. Kemp: Race, Capital Punishment, and the Supreme Court." Harvard Law Review 101:1388-1443.

______. 1994. "The State, Criminal Law, and Racial Discrimination: A Comment." Harvard Law Review 107:1255-1278.

Klein, Stephen, Joan Petersilia, Susan Turner. 1990. "Race and Imprisonment Decisions in California." Science 247:812-816.

Konecni, V. J. and E. B. Ebbesen. 1982. "An Analysis of Sentencing Systems." Pp. 293-332 in The Criminal Justice System: A Social-Psychological Approach, edited by V. J. Konecki and E. B. Ebbesen. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Kramer, John and Darrell Steffensmeir. 1993. "Race and Imprisonment Decisions." Sociological Quarterly 34:357-76.

Langan, Patrick A. 1985. "Racism on Trial: New Evidence to Explain the Racial Composition of Prisons in the United States." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 76:666-683.

Link, Christopher T. and Neal Shover. 1986. "The Origins of Criminal Sentencing Reforms." Justice Quarterly 3:329-41.

Lowney, Knoll D. 1994. "Smoked Not Snorted: Is Racism Inherent in Our Crack Cocaine Laws?" Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 45:121-171.

McMahon, Maeve. 1990. "`Net-Widening': Vagaries in the Use of a Concept." The British Journal of Criminology 30:121-149.

Miller, Joann L., Peter H. Rossi, and Jon E. Simpson. 1991. "Felony Punishments: A factorial Survey Of Perceived Justice In Criminal Sentencing." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:396-422.

Morris, Norval and Michael Tonry. 1990. Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.

Myers, Martha A. and Susette M. Talarico. 1986. "Urban Justice, Rural Injustice?: Urbanization and Its Effect on Sentencing." Criminology 24:367-391.

______. 1987. The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Nelson, James F. 1994. "A Dollar or a Day: Sentencing Misdemeanants in New York State." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:183-201.

_____. 1989. "An Operational Definition of Prior Criminal Record." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 5:333-352.

Odubekun, Lola. 1992. "A Structural Approach to Differential Gender Sentencing." Criminal Justice Abstracts :343-360.

Robinson, Paul H. 1988. "Legality and Discretion in the Distribution of Criminal Sanctions." Harvard Journal on

Legislation. 25:393-460.

Ross, H. Lawrence and James P. Foley. 1987. "Judicial Disobedience of the Mandate to Imprison Drunk Drivers." Law and Society Review 21:315-22.

Scheflin, Alan and Jon Van Dyke. 1980. "Jury Nullification: The Contours of a Controversy." Law and Contemporary Problems 43:51-115.

Scheingold, Stuart, Toska Olson, and Jana Pershing. 1992. "The Politics of Sexual Psychopathy: Washington State's Sexual Predator Legislation." University of Puget Sound Law Review 15:809-820.

______. 1994. "Sexual Violence, Victim Advocacy, and Republican Criminology: Washington State's Community Protection Act." Law and Society Review 28:729-763.

Spencer, J. William. 1984. "Conducting Presentencing Investigations: From Discourse to Textual Summaries." Urban Life 13:207-227.

Temin, Carolyn E. 1973. "Discriminatory Sentencing of Women Offenders: The Argument for ERA in a Nutshell." American Criminal Law Review 11:355-72.

Thornberry, Terence P. 1979. "Sentencing Disparities in the Juvenile Justice System." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 70:164-171.

Tittle, Charles R. and Debra A. Curran. 1988. "Contingencies for Dispositional Disparities in Juvenile Justice." Social Forces 67:23-58.

Walther, Susanne. 1994. "Forfeiture and Money Laundering Laws in the United States: Basic Features and Some Critical Comments from a European Perspective." Crime Law and Social Change 21:1-13.

White, Garland F. 1975. "Public Responses to Hypothetical Crimes: Effect of Offender and Victim Status and Seriousness of the Offense on Punitive Reactions." Social Forces 53:411-420.

Wolfgang, Marvin, A. Kelly and H. C. Nolde. 1962. "Comparison of Executed and Commuted." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 53:301-311.

Zedner, Lucia. 1991. "Women, Crime, and Penal Responses: A Historical Account" Crime and Social Justice 14:307-362.

Sentencing Guidelines

Alschuler, Albert W. 1991. "The Failure of Sentencing Guidelines: A Plea for Less Aggregation." University of Chicago Law Review 58:901-951.

Boerner, David. 1993. "The Role of the Legislature in Guidelines Sentencing in `The Other Washington.'" Wake Forest Law Review 28:381-420.

Feeley, Malcom M., Richard Berk, and Alec Campbell. "Between Two Extremes: an Examination of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Community Service Orders and Their Implications for the US Sentencing Guidelines." Southern California Law Review.

Frase, Richard S. 1995. "State Sentencing Guidelines: Still Going Strong." Judicature 78:173-179.

Holton, N. Gary., and Roger Handberg. 1990. "Florida's Sentencing Guidelines: Surviving-but Just Barely." Judicature 73:259-267.

LaFree, Wayne R. 1983. "Fourth Amendment Vagaries (of Improbable Cause, Imperceptible Plain View, Notorious Privacy and Balancing Askew)" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:1171-1224.

Lengyel, Linda B. 1989. "Survey of State Domestic Violence Legislation." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 10:59-82.

Marvell, Thomas B. 1995. "Sentencing Guidelines and Prison Population Growth." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 85:696-709.

Moore, Charles and Terance D. Miethe. 1986. "Regulated and Non-regulated Sentencing Decision: An Analysis of First-year Practices under Minnesota's Felony Sentencing Guidelines." Law and Society Review 20:253-77.

Tonry, Michael. 1993. "Sentencing Commissions and their Guidelines." Crime and Justice 17:137-195.

Ross, H. Lawrence and Richard McCleary. 1990. "Can Mandatory Jail Laws Deter Drunk Driving? The Arizona Case." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81:156-67.

Savelsberg, Joachim. 1992."Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law." American Journal of Sociology 97:1346-81.

Petersilia, Joan and Peter W. Greenwood. 1978. "Mandatory Prison Sentences: Their Projected Effects on Crime and Prison Populations." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 69:604-615.

Torts

Blum-West, Steve and Timothy J. Carter. 1983. "Bringing White-Collar Crime Back In" An Examination of Crimes and Torts." Social Problems 30:545-554.

Conrad, Peter. 1992. "Medicalization and Social Control." Annual Review of Sociology 18:209-32.

Farr, Kathryn A. 1995. "Fetal Abuse and the Criminalization of Behavior During Pregnancy." Crime and Delinquency 41:235-245.

Freiberg, Arie and Pat O'Malley. 1984. "State Intervention and the Civil Offense." Law and Society Review 18:373-394.

Howard, N. and S. Antilla. 1979. "How Much Is Safety Worth?" Dun's Review 114:49-57.

Howe, Adrian. 1987. "`Social Injury' Revisited: Towards a Feminist Theory of Social Justice." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 15:423-38.

____. 1990. "The Problem of Privatized Injuries: Feminist Strategies for Litigation." Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 10:119-142

Jones, J. C. H., D. G. Ferguson and K. G. Stewart, 1993. "Blood Sports and Cherry Pie: Some Economics of Violence in the National Hockey League." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 52:63-78.

Kleinig, John. 1991. "Punishment and Moral Seriousness." Israel Law Review 25:401-421.

Lederman, Eliezer. 1985. "Criminal Law, Perpetrator and Corporation: Rethinking a Complex Triangle." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 76:285-340.

Pepinsky, Harold. 1974. "From White Collar Crime to Exploitation: Redefinition of a Field." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 65:225-33.

Reichman, Nancy. 1986. "Managing Crime Risks: Toward an Insurance Based Model of Social Control." Research in Law, Deviance, and Social Control 8:151-172.

Victims

Bumiller, Kristin. 1987. "Victims in the Shadow of the Law: A Critique of the Model of Legal Protection." Signs 12:421-39.

_____. 1990. "Fallen Angels: The Representation of Violence Against Women in Legal Culture." International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 18:125-42.

Henderson, Lynne N. 1985. "The Wrongs of Victim's Rights." Stanford Law Review 37:937-1021.

Nice, David C. 1988b. "State Programs for Crime Victims." Policy Studies Journal 17:25-41.

Pitch, Tamar. 1990. "From Oppressed to Victims: Collective Actors and the Symbolic Use of the Criminal Justice System." Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 10:103-117.

Villmov, Bernhard. 1991. "Victim Compensation in Some Western Countries." Pp.66-86 in Developments in Crime and Crime Control Research, edited by Klaus Sessar and Han-Juergen Kerner. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Allen, Francis A. 1964. The Borderland of Criminal Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bartel, Ann P. 1975. "An Analysis of Firm Demand for Protection Against Crime." Journal of legal Studies 4:443-478.

Casper, Jonathan D. and David Brereton. 1984. "Evaluating Criminal Justice Programs." Law and Society Review 22:483-507.

Emerson, Robert M. and Sheldon L. Messinger. 1977. "The Micro-Politics of Trouble." Social Problems 25:121-134.

_____. 1981. "On Last Resorts." American Journal of Sociology 87:1-22.

Feeley Malcolm and Austin D. Sarat. 1980. The Policy Dilemma: Federal Crime Policy and the Law Enforcement Assistance administration. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Fisher, Franklin M. 1986. "Statisticians, Econometricians, and Adversary Proceedings." Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:277-286.

Goldstein, Joseph, Alan M. Dershowitz, and Richard D. Schwartz. 1974. Criminal Law: Theory and Process. New York: Free Press.

Gordon, Diana R. 1990. The Justice Juggernaut: Fighting Street Crime, Controlling Citizens. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

Grinnell, Frank. 1941. "The Common Law History of Probation." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 32:15-33.

Hudson, Barbara A,. 1995. "Beyond Proportionate Punishment: Difficult Cases and the 1991 Criminal Justice Act." Crime, Law and Social Change 22:59-78.

Kadish, Sanford. 1963. "Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations." University of Chicago Law Review 30:423-49.

______. 1967. "The Crisis of Overcriminalization." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 374:157-170.

Kelman, Mark. 1991. "Reasonable Evidence of Reasonableness." Critical Inquiry 17:798-817.

Krislov, Samuel. 1983. "Theoretical Perspectives on Case Load Studies: A Critique and a Beginning." Pp. 161-187 in Empirical Studies About Courts, edited by Keith O. Boyum and Lynn Mather. New York: Longman.

Lerner, Max. 1937. "Constitution and Courts as Symbols." Yale Law Journal 46:1290-1319.

Marsh, Harry L. 1989. "Newspaper Crime Coverage in the U. S.: 1893-1988." Criminal Justice Abstracts 506-515.

McCormick, Albert E. 1977. "Rule Enforcement and Moral Indignation: Some Observations on the Effects of Criminal Antitrust Convictions Upon Societal Reaction Processes." Social Problems 25:30-39.

Miethe, Teran D. 1984. "Types of Consensus in Public Evaluations of Crime: An Illustration of Strategies for Measuring `Consensus.'" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:459-473.

Miller, Walter B. 1973. "Ideology and Criminal Justice Policy: Some Current Issues." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 64:141-162.

Nyberg, Cheryl R. 1989. Subject Compilation of State Laws, 1985-1988: An Annotated Bibliography. Urbana: Boast and Nyberg.

Packer Herbert L. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Pearson, Geoffrey. 1975. The Deviant Imagination. New York: Homes and Meier.

Pitch, Tamar. 1985. "The Feminization of Social Control." Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7:111-132.

Ross, H. Lawrence and Richard McCleary. 1990. "Can Mandatory Jail Laws Deter Drunk Driving? The Arizona Case." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81:156-67.

Richards, David A. J. 1986. Toleration and the Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rossi, Peter. 1987. "No Good Applied Social Research Goes Unpunished." Society 25:74-79.

Rubin, Edward L. and Malcolm Feeley. 1994. "Federalism: Some Notes on a National Neurosis." UCLA Law Review 41:903-952.

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